Approaches in Psychology - The Humanistic Approach

Question 1

When did the humanistic approach and where?

Answer 1

America in early 1960s

Question 2

Why is the humanistic approach termed the ‘Third Force’?

Answer 2

Because it aimed to replace the 2 main approaches - Behaviourist and psychodynamic

Question 3

What are humanistic theories concerned with?

Answer 3

Human experiences, uniqueness, meaning, freedom and choice

Question 4

Determinism

Answer 4

All behaviour has a cause

Question 5

Psychic determinism

Answer 5

Your mind is choosing the way in which you behave due to the environment you’ve grown up in

Question 6

Environment

Answer 6

Surroundings, family, people around you

Question 7

Free will

Answer 7

Our own free choice is the only thing that controls our behaviour

Question 8

Covert observation

Answer 8

Observation where participants don’t know they’re being observed

Question 9

Overt observation

Answer 9

Observation where participants know they’re being observed

Question 10

Participant observation

Answer 10

The observer joins in with the participants

Question 11

Non-participant observation

Answer 11

The observer just watches the participants

Question 12

Structure interviewing

Answer 12

Planned questions

Question 13

Unstructured interviewing

Answer 13

Questions being asked are determined by answers given

Question 14

Self actualisation

Answer 14

A person’s motivation to reach their full potential

Question 15

Congruence

Answer 15

A healthy sense of well-being is established if an individual maintains a reasonable consistency between ideal self and actual self

Question 16

How does humanistic psychology differ from most other approaches in psychology?

Answer 16

By focusing on conscious experience rather than on behaviour

Question 17

When was humanistic psychology developed? By who?

Answer 17

1950s by C. Rogers and A. Maslow

Question 18

Assumptions of humanistic approach

Answer 18

-Each person can exercise free will
-Each person is a rational and conscious being and not dominated by unconscious instincts
-Each person is unique

Question 19

What does unstructured interviewing allow?

Answer 19

Allows access to other people’s views and experiences without imposing on them the researcher’s ideas about what is important

Question 20

Methodology of humanistic approach

Answer 20

-Unstructured interviewing
-Participant observation
-Diaries, letters and biographical material

Question 21

Maslow’s interests

Answer 21

Maslow wasn’t interested in what went wrong with people, but rather in what could go right with them

Question 22

What does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs emphasise?

Answer 22

Importance of personal growth and fulfilment

Question 23

What did Maslow’s hierarchy of needs open the door to?

Answer 23

Later movements in psychology such as positive psychology and happiness

Question 24

What is the hierarchy of needs represented by?

Answer 24

A pyramid. Most basic needs at the bottom, then psychological needs them self-fulfilment needs

Question 25

Basic needs

Answer 25

Safety needs (security and safety) Physiological needs (food, water, warmth, rest)

Question 26

Psychological needs

Answer 26

Esteem needs (prestige and feeling accomplished) Belongingness and love needs (intimate relationships, friends)

Question 27

Self-fulfilment needs

Answer 27

Self-actualisation (achieving one’s full potential)

Question 28

Argument regarding self-actualisation

Answer 28

A person will never be happy with the places they reach as they just want to achieve more

Question 29

What is self-actualisation about?

Answer 29

Giving ourselves a purpose in life

Question 30

What did C. Rogers focus on?

Answer 30

The concept of the self and self-acceptance. He moved away from traditional psychoanalysis and developed person-centred approach to therapy

Question 31

C. Rogers opinion of Freud

Answer 31

He felt that Freud only focused on the ‘sick half’ of psychology

Question 32

C. Rogers Self Theory

Answer 32

Humans are made up of two selves: real self and ideal self

Question 33

Real self

Answer 33

How I am in the real world and how others see me

Question 34

Ideal self

Answer 34

Who I wish I could be if I were the best ‘me’

Question 35

Impact of focusing on ideal self

Answer 35

If you focus on your ideal self too much then you will lose touch with reality and could possibly become deluded

Question 36

How my people experience a stage of incongruence?

Answer 36

If there is a difference between the self and ideal self

Question 37

How do you get a high feeling of self worth?

Answer 37

If the self image and ideal self are very close to each other

Question 38

What can stop the self from growing and changing?

Answer 38

Defence mechanisms

Question 39

What must our ideal self be?

Answer 39

Realistic

Question 40

What did Rogers believe?

Answer 40

That more often than not people change the process of self-actualisation

Question 41

Basic needs for humans

Answer 41

Humans have basic need to feel nurtured and valued by significant people in their lives

Question 42

How will people develop a healthy sense of self-worth?

Answer 42

If nurturing is given freely, without conditions

Question 43

Conditioned love

Answer 43

When they are accepted only if they do what others want them to do

Question 44

What do children who receive conditions of worth, such as criticism and blame develop?

Answer 44

Low self-esteem

Question 45

What else will lead to low self-esteem?

Answer 45

Incongruence and negative feelings of self-worth

Question 46

What did Roger believe therapists should provide clients with?

Answer 46

Unconditional positive regard to help resolve conditions of worth

Question 47

What did Rogers’ person-centred theory emphasise?

Answer 47

The concept of self-actualisation

Question 48

What did Rogers believe was necessary for self-actualisation?

Answer 48

Unconditional positive regard

Question 49

What is the individuals centred motivation during counselling psychology?

Answer 49

To learn and to grow

Question 50

Why did Rogers develop client-centred therapy?

Answer 50

In order to reduce the gap between the ideal self and the real self

Question 51

Conditions of worth

Answer 51

A parent who sets boundaries or limits their love for their child is storing up psychological problems for that child in the future

Question 52

Rogers’ list of characteristics of a good therapist

Answer 52

-Empathy -Congruence -Positive regard

Question 53

What did Harter el al discover in 1996?

Answer 53

That teenagers who feel that they have to fulfil certain conditions in order to gain their parents approval frequently end up not liking themselves

Question 54

False self behaviour

Answer 54

Doing things to meet other peoples expectations even when they clash with their own views

Question 55

Words to remember hierarch of the needs

Answer 55

Please (physiological) Stop (safety) Liking (love/belongingness) Stupid (self-esteem) Shit (self-actualisation)