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Psychology > Approaches in Psychology - The Behaviourist Approach > Flashcards

Approaches in Psychology - The Behaviourist Approach Flashcards

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1
Q

Who founded the Behaviourist Approach?

A

J.B Watson

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2
Q

When was the Behaviourist Approach founded?

A

1915

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3
Q

What did the Behaviourist Approach reject?

A

The vagueness of introspection and instead focused on how we are a product of learning, experience and environment

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4
Q

Who are other important contributors to the Behaviourist Approach?

A

Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner

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5
Q

What is behaviourism primarily concerned with?

A

Observable behaviour which can be objectively and scientifically measured

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6
Q

What is our mind when we are born?

A

A blank slate

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7
Q

What is behaviour a result of?

A

Stimulus - response

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8
Q

What is all behaviour learn from?

A

The environment

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9
Q

When does positive reinforcement occur?

A

When a behaviour produces a consequence that is rewarding

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10
Q

When does negative reinforcement occur?

A

When a behaviour removes an unpleasant consequence

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11
Q

Tabula rasa

A

You are born as a clean slate

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12
Q

Stimulus

A

Anything that brings about a response

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13
Q

Response

A

Any reaction in the presence of a stimulus

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14
Q

US

A

Unconditioned stimulus

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15
Q

UR

A

Unconditioned response

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16
Q

NS

A

Neutral stimulus

17
Q

CR

A

Conditioned response

18
Q

CS

A

Conditioned stimulus

19
Q

Reflex

A

Automatic response

20
Q

What did Pavlov win in 1904?

A

A Nobel prize

21
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning by association

22
Q

What does classical conditioning refer to?

A

The conditioning of reflexes and involves associating a new stimulus with an innate bodily reflex

23
Q

Process of Pavlov’s classical conditioning dog experiment

A
  1. Pavlov established that food causes dogs to salivate
  2. Pavlov established that a tone does not cause a dog to salivate
  3. He presented the tone with some food causing the dog to salivate
  4. After several pairing the dog started to salivate just by hearing the tone
24
Q

What is the Unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response when Pavlov established that food causes dogs to salivate?

A

US - The food
UR - Saliva

25
Q

What was the US, NS and UR when the dog salivated over the tone paired with the food?

A

US - Food
NS - Tone
UR - Saliva

26
Q

What was the CS and the CR when Pavlov found that the dog salivated over just the tone?

A

CS - Tone
CR - Salivation

27
Q

Watson and conditioning a rat phobia in ‘little Albert’

A

Before conditioning Albert had no fear of rats. Albert had a fear of a loud bang. The rat paired with the loud bang caused fear until just the rat caused fear as he associated it with the loud bang.

28
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning by consequences

29
Q

What did B.F Skinner claim?

A

All behaviour is learnt as a result of consequences in our environment

30
Q

Reinforcement

A

Anything which has the effect of increasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated

31
Q

Punishment

A

Anything which has the effect of decreasing the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated

32
Q

Skinner’s box

A

-Animal learns to press a button or lever in order to get food
-If the animal moves close to the lever the food appears to encourage pecking on the lever itself
-Animal has control over its environment

33
Q

What is the positive consequence of Skinner’s box?

A

Food

34
Q

How does Skinner’s box show positive reinforcement?

A

The food that is released is a positive reinforcement as it is a reward which increases the likelihood of the behaviour being repeated

35
Q

How does Skinner’s box show negative reinforcement?

A

The rat receives a number of electric shocks when it does press the lever over a certain time period so therefore the rat continues to press the lever in order to stop the negative consequence of being shocked

36
Q

Strengths of behaviourist approach

A

-Very scientific
-Helps to establish causes and effects
-Replicable
-Quantitive data - east to analyse
-Useful applications to education

37
Q

Limitations of behaviourist approach

A

Most of the data has been obtained from animals

38
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

Learners observe role models receiving either positive or negative reinforcement. This means that because the learner has observed the consequences of the behaviour they are more (or less) likely to imitate it, depending on what those consequences were

Psychology (104 decks)

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