Social area: Piliavin Flashcards by Beckii Clifford

Describe the case of Kitty Genovese

A woman was stabbed to death over a period of 30 minutes to the knowledge of 38 unresponsive witnesses

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What is bystander apathy?

A social psychological phenomenon in which individuals don’t offer help to a victim when others are present. Receiving help is linked to the number of bystanders

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What is diffusion of responsibility?

When individuals are less likely to take responsibility for actions when others are present and assume that others are responsible

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What were the 4 aims/hypotheses/research questions?

1) The type of victim (drunk/ill)
2) Race of victim (black/white)
3) The presence of helping models
4) The size of the witnessing group

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What was Piliavin’s research method?

Field experiment, Observation, Snapshot

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What were the IV’s in terms of victim conditions?

Drunk or Ill

Black or white

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What were the IVs in terms of model conditions?

Early or late

Critical area or adjacent area

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What was the 7 DVs?

Frequency of help
Speed of help
Race of helper
Sex of helper
Verbal comments
Movement out of area
Total number of people in carriage

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What subway were the emergencies staged on?

NY 8th Avenue Subway

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When were the emergencies staged? (day/time/date)

Weekdays from 11am-3pm from 15th April ‘68 to 26th June ‘68

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How many teams of how many students were there?

4 teams of 4 students

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How long into the journey would the victim collapse?

70 seconds

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How many times was the emergency staged?

103 times

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What was the sex of the victim?

Male

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Describe how the victims were dressed

Identically in Eisenhower jackets, old trousers and no tie

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What was the ratio of black to white (victim)?

1:3

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What was the age range of the victims?

26-35

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On how many trials did the victim appear drunk?

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What was the main characteristic to identify the drunk victim?

Carried a bottle of liquor in a brown bag

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How many trials did the victim appear blind?

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What was the blind victims carrying?

Black cane

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Describe the model

Aged 24-29 and dressed informally

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After how long did an ‘early’ model intervene?

70 seconds

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After how long did a ‘late’ model intervene?

120 seconds

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What were the names of the two areas in the carriage?

Critical area and adjacent area

What were the four model conditions?

Critical - early Critical - late Adjacent - early Adjacent - late

In what area were the observers?

Adjacent

In what area was the victim?

Critical

Give 4 controls that Piliavin used

What the victim wore, the race and gender of the model, the gender of the victim, the time of collapse

Describe the sample used in the study

4,450 men and women (mean of 43 per carriage) 45% black 55% white

What sampling method did Piliavin use?

Opportunity sampling

On how many trials did the blind victim receive spontaneous help?

62/65

What was the median latency of spontaneous help for the blind victim?

5 seconds

On how many trials did the drunk victim receive spontaneous help?

19/38

What was the median latency for spontaneous help for the drunk victim?

109 seconds

What was the proportion in terms of race when helping the blind victim?

It was in accordance with the 45/55 split

What was the proportion in terms of race when helping the drunk victim?

There was a tendency of same race helping

Why was it not possible to analyse the data for model intervention but what seemed to be the tendency?

Because there was too much spontaneous helping however an early model seemed to have more of an effect

Victims were helped much _____ when there were __ or more male passengers

Faster | 7

In what condition were there more comments made by women?

Drunk

Give 2 examples of qualitative data that was gathered

'I wish I could help' | 'It's for the men to help'

What did Piliavin conclude in terms of which condition is more likely to receive help?

An individual who appears to be ill is more likely to receive help than one who appears drunk

What was concluded in terms of which sex was more likely to help?

Men were more likely to help than women

What was concluded in terms of helping when a person was drunk (race)?

There was a tendency for same race helping

What was concluded in terms of how number of witnesses influence the speed of help?

Help comes quickest and in greatest numbers when more witnesses are present

The longer the emergency continues _____ help, the _____ of an impact the model will have

Without | Less

What model did Piliavin create as a result of the findings?

Arousal cost-reward model

What was the idea of the arousal cost-reward model?

That there will be an emotional arousal and then we will weigh up the costs and rewards of helping before making a decision to help someone

On what grounds can Piliavin's research be accused of being ethnocentric?

All living in the same area and so we only learn about American/New yorker behaviours

How did Piliavin break the guideline of deception?

Wasn't a real person in need, people really believed that someone had collapsed

How did Piliavin break the guideline of informed consent?

People hadn't given consent to what happened or to take part

How did Piliavin break the guideline of debrief?

Didn't explain P's afterwards what was happening or why the experiment happened

Why could it be argued that Piliavin didn't protect participants from harm?

Because some distress and guilt was caused

How did Piliavin break the guideline of withdrawal?

P's could walk into next carriage however they could not withdraw their data

Which ethical guideline did Piliavin uphold?

Confidentiality

Was the study internally reliable (standardised and replicable)?

Yes, there were clear controls, trained actors, specific timings and objective data

Was the study externally reliable? Were there enough trials?

103 in total but not enough with the black victim conditions and few model conditions carried out

Was the study externally reliable? Was the sample large enough to confirm a consistent effect?

Yes, total of 4450 and high levels of helping behaviour recorded

Did the study have construct validity? Was it an accurate measure of 'responses to people in need'?

Generally, there were significant differences between drunk and cane condition however some people may have experienced the trial before so altered behaviour

Did the study have population validity? Can the sample be generalised from?

Impressive sample size and ethnic mix however the times of trials may mean certain people did not take part (e.g. school/people at work/disabled people)

Was the study ecologically valid?

Overall, yes can be seen as fairly true to life - not that bizarre that someone may collapse