Cognitive area: Moray Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cognitive area of psychology interested in?

A

How we process information and respond to stimuli

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2
Q

What was the focus of Moray’s study?

A

Auditory attention

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3
Q

What is the background for Moray’s study?

A

Cherry’s research into the ‘cocktail party effect’ through dichotic listening tasks

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4
Q

What was the aim of Moray’s first study?

A

To test Cherry’s findings into recalling a rejected passage in a shadowing task through dichotic listening

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5
Q

What was the aim of Moray’s second and third study?

A

To investigate factors that can affect attention in dichotic listening

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6
Q

Name the tape recorder used in the study

A

Brenell mark IV tape recorder with two separate outputs into headphones

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7
Q

What gender was the speaker in the recordings?

A

Male

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8
Q

What was the volume level of each recording?

A

60 dB, loud enough for the P’s to just about hear them

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9
Q

What was the pre test?

A

4 passages of prose for the P’s to shadow for practice and to tell the researcher when the passages appeared to be the same volume

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10
Q

Describe the sample for experiment 1

A

Undergrads and research workers of both sexes

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11
Q

What was faded in and out of one ear while the participants shadowed a prose message in the other ear?

A

A list of simple words

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12
Q

How many times was each word repeated in the list of words?

A

35 times

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13
Q

After the passage was complete, what were P’s asked to report? (experiment one)

A

The content of the shadowed message

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14
Q

After P’s had recalled the content of the shadowed message what type of test were they given? (experiment one)

A

A recognition test

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15
Q

What was the recognition test composed of?

A

21 words (7 in the passage, 7 from list and 7 others)

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16
Q

What was the gap between the shadowing and the test? (experiment one)

A

30 seconds

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17
Q

What was the mean number of recognised words from the 7 words in the shadowed passage?

A

4.9

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18
Q

What was the mean number of recognised words from the 7 words in the rejected passage?

A

1.9

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19
Q

What was the mean number of recognised words from the 7 words in neither passage?

A

2.6

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20
Q

What did Moray conclude in terms of Cherry’s findings from experiment one?

A

P’s are more able to recognise words from the shadowed passage and almost none of the words from the rejected passage could break the inattentional barrier and therefore supports Cherry’s findings

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21
Q

What was the aim of experiment 2?

A

Moray wanted to find out what could break the inattentional barrier. Would a message with strong enough meaning to the P be able to break the barrier

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22
Q

Describe the sample used in experiment 2

A

12 participants

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23
Q

What was the IV of experiment 2?

A

Whether an instruction within a rejected passage was preceded by the participants name (affective) or was nor preceded by the participants name (non-affective)

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24
Q

What was the DV of experiment 2?

A

Whether P’s were more likely to hear an instruction in a message theyre not paying attention to if it is preceded by their name

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25
Q

How was the DV in experiment 2 operationalised?

A

By whether they reported to hearing the instruction or whether they followed the instruction

26
Q

What type of passages were P’s given in experiment 2?

A

Light fiction in one ear and also in the other ear

27
Q

What did both passages contain at the start? (experiment two)

A

An instruction

28
Q

When did P’s hear another instruction? (experiment two)

A

In the middle of the passage

29
Q

Outline details of the voice that P’s heard in the passages (experiment two)

A

Steady monotone male voice at about 130 words per minute

30
Q

How many passages did P’s listen to? (experiment two)

A

10

31
Q

How many passages contained affective instructions? (experiment two)

A

3

32
Q

How many passages contained non affective instructions? (experiment two)

A

4

33
Q

How many passages contained no instructions? (experiment two)

A

3

34
Q

What was the experimental design in experiment 2?

A

Repeated measures

35
Q

What were P’s told that their aim was? (experiment two)

A

To make as few errors as possible in their shadowing of the passages

36
Q

How many times was the affective instruction heard out of how many times it was presented? (experiment two)

A

20 out of 39

37
Q

How many times was the non-affective instruction heard out of how many times it was presented? (experiment two)

A

4 out of 36

38
Q

What conclusions came out of experiment 2?

A

P’s are more likely to hear affective instructions than non affective

39
Q

Were the results in experiment 2 significant?

A

Yes, there was less than a 1% probability that these results were down to chance

40
Q

What was the aim of experiment 3?

A

Would prior warnings about what P’s would be asked about change what participants might hear?

41
Q

Describe the sample used in experiment 3?

A

Two groups of 14 students

42
Q

What was the design of experiment 3?

A

Independent measures

43
Q

What was the IV of experiment 3?

A

Whether they were told they would be asked about the shadowed message or whether they were told to remember all the numbers that they could

44
Q

What was the DV of experiment 3?

A

Mean number of digits correctly reported

45
Q

What were the 5 variety of message in experiment 3?

A
Numbers towards end of passage
Numbers in both passages
Numbers only in shadowed message
Numbers only in rejected message
Control messages - no numbers
46
Q

What were the results found from experiment 3?

A

No significant results were found

47
Q

What did Moray conclude from experiment 3?

A

That there was no significance because numbers are not important enough to break the ‘inattentional barrier’ - unlike a persons name

48
Q

Conclusion 1: In a situation where P directs his attention to one message and rejects a message to the other ear……..

A

Almost none of the verbal content from the rejected message is able to penetrate the block

49
Q

Conclusion 2: A short list of simple words presented as the rejected message shows no……

A

Trace of being remembered even when presented many times

50
Q

Conclusion 3: Subjectively ‘important’ messages such as a persons name can…….

A

Penetrate the block, thus a P will hear instructions if they are presented with their own name as a part of the rejected message

51
Q

Conclusion 4: While perhaps not impossible it’s very difficult to make ‘neutral’ material important enough to…..

A

Break through the block set up in dichotic shadowing

52
Q

Did Moray break any ethical guidelines?

A

No

53
Q

Could Moray’s findings be considered ethnocentric?

A

Yes as ability was only tested in one language and most likely only on monolingual individuals, people in other cultures who are bilingual may find this task easier

54
Q

Was Moray’s study internally reliable (standardised procedure/replicable)?

A

Yes, the experiments were all highly controlled and could easily be replicated with similar controls

55
Q

Was Moray’s study externally reliable (sample large enough for consistent effect)?

A

No, each sample was not that large and all most likely similar age/level of education

56
Q

Was auditory attention really being tested?

A

Extraneous variables were controlled for however, P’s knew they were being tested so may have demand characteristics which alter their responses

57
Q

How ecologically valid was the study?

A

Not very as the set up of headphones and shadowing is not the same kind of attention we give in real life

58
Q

Define ‘cocktail party effect’

A

That no matter how deep in conversation you may be at a cocktail party, if someone mentioned your name, this would draw your attention

59
Q

Define ‘dichotic listening’

A

Where P’s are presented 2 different auditory stimuli in different ears through headphones

60
Q

Define ‘shadowing’

A

When P’s listen dichotically to two stimuli and have to repeat one of the stimuli out loud whilst they listen