Social area: Levine Flashcards

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1
Q

Define collectivist

A

Priority given to welfare of one or more collective entities and therefore looking out for and helping anyone/everyone in the community

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2
Q

Define individualist

A

Focus on the individual and nuclear family

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3
Q

What is Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)?

A

An economic well being measure of how much the average income earned in that country was capable of purchasing

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4
Q

What is simpatia?

A

A hispanic/spanish cultural tradition which focusses on being nice, friendly, agreeable and good natured rather than focussing on achievement and productivity

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5
Q

What was Levine’s first aim?

A

To see if the tendency of people within a city to offer non emergency help to strangers was stable across different situations in which people needed help

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6
Q

What was Levine’s second aim?

A

To see if helping of strangers would vary across cultures

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7
Q

What was Levine’s third aim?

A

To identify the characteristics of those communities in which strangers are more/less likely to be helped

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8
Q

What was Levine’s research method?

A

A quasi experiment and correlation

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9
Q

Give evidence for Levine’s study being a quasi experiment and a correlation

A

Used to establish whether any relationship found between level of helping and characteristics of countries and the IV and DV were not manipulated

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10
Q

How large was each city in terms of population?

A

230,000

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11
Q

How fast were the confederates walking in the dropped pen condition?

A

15 paces/10 seconds

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12
Q

Who did confederates walk towards in the dropped pen condition?

A

A lone pedestrian passing in the opposite direction

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13
Q

How far away was the pedestrian when the confederate dropped their pen?

A

10-15 feet

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14
Q

How was helping behaviour measured in the dropped pen condition?

A

If P called back to C saying they dropped their pen or brought the pen back to C

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15
Q

What was the sample of the dropped pen condition?

A

214 men/210 women

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16
Q

What was the condition of C in the hurt leg condition?

A

C walked with a heavy limp and wore a large leg brace

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17
Q

What did experimenters do in the hurt leg condition?

A

They accidentally dropped and unsuccessfully struggled to reach down for a pile of magazines

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18
Q

When did the experimenters drop the pile of magazines?

A

When they were within 20 feet of the pedestrian

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19
Q

How was helping defined in the hurt leg condition?

A

By offering to help and/or beginning to help

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20
Q

What was the sample of the hurt leg condition?

A

253 men/240 women

21
Q

What were the two discarded tasks?

A

Asking for change and whether or not someone would post a mislaid letter

22
Q

Why was the asking for change task discarded?

A

Because in Calcutta there was a general shortage of small value coins and notes

23
Q

Why was the task involving posting a mislaid letter discarded?

A

Because residents of Tel Aviv were afraid to touch the letters for fear that they might contain explosives, also less developed countries had a lack of post boxes

24
Q

Describe the criteria of when participants conducted the experiment

A

Monday-Friday, 9-5 in the city centre from 1992-1997

25
Q

Who did the experimenters not approach?

A

Children, elderly or anyone carrying many/heavy objects

26
Q

List the top 3 helpful cities (with overall helping percentages)

A

1) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (93.3%)
2) San Jose, Costa Rica (91.3%)
3) Lilongwe, Malawi (86%)

27
Q

List the 3 least helpful cities (with overall helping percentages)

A

21) Singapore, Singapore (48%)
22) New York, USA (44.67%)
23) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (40.33%)

28
Q

To what extent were offers of help stable across the three situations of helping behaviour?

A

Quite stable there was little variation between 3 conditions

29
Q

What were the 4 community variables that were looked at?

A

Population size, PPP, Collectivist-Individualist, Pace of life

30
Q

How was data gathered on population size?

A

Population size from each metropolitan area was taken from the most current edition of the United Nations Demographic Yearbook

31
Q

To what extent was there a relationship between PPP?

A

There was a significant negative relationship between PPP and helping behaviour

32
Q

How was the collectivist-individualist variable measured?

A

6 internationally expert cross-cultural psychologists were asked to rate the 23 countries on a scale of 1-10 (1 = collectivist and 10 = individualist)

33
Q

How was pace of life measured?

A

70 people’s (35M and 35F) walking pace was measured in the same downtown location as the helping measures

34
Q

To what extent was there a relationship between pace of life and helping behaviour?

A

Small relationship, overall helping behaviour in countries with a faster pace of life were less likely to help

35
Q

Was there a difference between male and female helping behaviour?

A

No difference

36
Q

How helpful were the 4 Latin American countries (and Spain)?

A

They were above the mean in overall helping behaviour when compared to other studies

37
Q

What is the percentage of overall helping between simpatia and non simpatia countries?

A

Simpatia - 82.87%

Non-simpatia - 65.87%

38
Q

What was the conclusion in terms of helping behaviour and PPP?

A

Overall levels of helping across cultures are inversely related to a countries economic productivity

39
Q

What was the conclusion in terms of simpatia countries?

A

Countries with the cultural tradition of simpatia are far more helpful on average than countries with no such tradition

40
Q

Which ethical guidelines did Levine uphold?

A

Confidentiality

41
Q

In what way might it be argued that Levine also had ethical considerations?

A

There were restrictions placed on who was approached

42
Q

Which ethical guidelines did Levine break?

A

No consent, Deception, No withdrawal, No debrief, Minor harm caused if P’s felt guilty for not helping

43
Q

Was the procedure standardised and replicable? (internal reliability)

A

Yes - confederates were given clear and detailed instructions and training

44
Q

How did having three different helping behaviours improve reliability?

A

Helped to show what extent helping behaviour was consistent across 3 scenarios

45
Q

Was enough data collected to suggest a consistent effect? (external reliability)

A

Yes (424 dropped pen, 493 hurt leg, 281 blind)

46
Q

Was it an accurate test of helping behaviour? Are there any other possible reasons for the behaviour seen? (Internal validity)

A

May have been measuring cultural values, also there is a possibility for demand characteristics if P’s saw what they were doing as they repeated many times

47
Q

Why is the research not ethnocentric?

A

Impressive number of countries looked into

48
Q

Despite being a cross-cultural study, why can we argue that the research could still be considered ethnocentric?

A

Only one place in Africa and one in the Middle Eat, many areas were missed out as it predominantly researched America’s, Europe and Asia