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Psychology > Individual differences area: Gould > Flashcards

Individual differences area: Gould Flashcards

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1
Q

In what country was there initial development of IQ tests?

A

France

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2
Q

What did Yerkes want to show in terms of intelligence?

A

That it could be measured scientifically

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3
Q

What did Gould want to show about Yerkes measures of intelligence?

A

That they were flawed with disastrous consequences

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4
Q

What was Yerkes aim in terms of psychology?

A

He wanted psychology to be considered as a science and was interested in the field of mental testing

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5
Q

What did Yerkes think that an intelligence test would be a good measure of?

A

That this would create a good measure of someone’s innate intelligence

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6
Q

What was Gould’s aim?

A

To highlight problems in Yerkes’ methodology, materials and conclusions from his IQ testing

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7
Q

What was Yerkes’ research method?

A

Quasi experiment

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8
Q

What evidence is there that Yerkes’ research method was quasi?

A

Country of origin and skin colour is naturally occurring

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9
Q

What experimental design did Yerkes use?

A

Independent measures

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10
Q

Describe Yerkes’ sample

A

1.75 million US military recruits

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11
Q

What was Yerkes’ sampling method?

A

Opportunity

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12
Q

What was the name of the written examination given to literate recruits?

A

Army alpha

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13
Q

How many parts did the army alpha consist of?

A

8

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14
Q

Most of the test included filling in the next number in a _____ (army alpha)

A

Sequence

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15
Q

Recruits had to _____ sentences (army alpha)

A

Unscramble

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16
Q

Give an example of an analogy used in the army alpha

A

Washington is to Adams as first is to second

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17
Q

Give an example of a MCQ used in the army alpha

A

Crisco is a:

Patent medicine, Disinfectant, Toothpaste, Food product

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18
Q

What was the problem with the basis of many of the questions in the army alpha?

A

They were American/Western based questions

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19
Q

What was score in the army alpha dependent on?

A

Length of time in the USA

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20
Q

Who was the army beta designed for?

A

Illiterates or men who had failed the army alpha

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21
Q

How many parts did the army beta consist of?

A

7

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22
Q

How long did the army beta take to complete?

A

Less than one hour

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23
Q

Give 3 examples of things within the army beta?

A

Maze running, cube counting, finding the next symbol in an X-0 series

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24
Q

What did pictoral completion require the recruits to do (army beta)?

A

To draw whatever was missing from the picture

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25
Q

Who was the individual examination intended for?

A

Failures from the army beta

26
Q

What was a problem with the army beta test in terms of answering the test?

A

Required pencil work which may not have been used before by some of the recruits

27
Q

What was the problem with the pictures provided in the pictoral completion section of the army beta?

A

They were culturally biased

28
Q

Give another problem with the alpha beta in terms of the recruits being illiterate

A

They were required to write down numbers

29
Q

What was the problem with the individual examination?

A

It was not carried out

30
Q

What is a problem with ‘illiterate’ people being chosen for the beta test across camps?

A

The definition of ‘illiterate’ changed across camps

31
Q

What was a problem with people failing the alpha having to complete the beta?

A

That the beta queues were too long so some never got the chance to complete the beta and therefore their score of 0 on the alpha was counted

32
Q

What was the overall problem for the administration of the tests?

A

It was a stressful/rushed situation for all and caused much confusion

33
Q

From Yerkes’ findings, what was the mental age of white American adults?

A

13 (moronity)

34
Q

Based on Yerkes’ tests, what did he find in terms of which nations appeared more intelligent than others?

A

Southern and Eastern countries were least intelligent and Northern and Western countries were most intelligent

35
Q

Which ethnicity scored the lowest in the tests?

A

Black

36
Q

Can Yerkes’ research be considered to be measuring intelligence?

A

No - it wasn’t actually measuring intelligence

37
Q

What was Yerkes’ tests measuring instead of innate IQ?

A

It was measuring an awareness of American culture (recruits who had been in the USA for longer did better on the tests)

38
Q

Describe features of Yerkes’ research that proves systematic bias

A

Culturally biased questions, unfamiliar equipment

39
Q

How were the findings from Yerkes’ study applied in terms of commercial and educational use?

A

Commercial and educational establishments were using the tests

40
Q

In 1924 how many people were barred entry to the USA and why?

A

6 million due to the Immigration Restriction Act (quotas were given based on restricting ‘inferior stock’ from certain nations)

41
Q

What is a problem with how Yerkes’ problems were applied?

A

It led to scientific racism

42
Q

Would Yerkes claim that it is possible to grade individuals by the colour of their skin and why?

A

Yes because ‘intelligence is an innate quality with a hereditary basis’

43
Q

What would Yerkes say about the average man of most nations?

A

That they would be considered a ‘moron’

44
Q

What would Yerkes say in terms of validity of his tests?

A

That they were a valid and scientific technique with wider implications

45
Q

What would Gould say about Yerkes use of science?

A

That he misused it

46
Q

What would Gould say in terms of harm to soldiers?

A

That there was major harm to soldiers and people trying to flee persecution

47
Q

What would Gould say in terms of Yerkes’ explanations?

A

That he had failed to see alternative explanations for the ‘facts’

48
Q

Give 2 examples of quantitative data in Yerkes’ study?

A

Scores in the tests (grades given)

Creating ‘average mental age’ of people from different ethnic backgrounds

49
Q

Give an example of qualitative data in this core study?

A

Gould: ‘The paths to destruction are often indirect but ideas can be agents as sure as guns and bombs’

50
Q

Gould’s study can be described as a review, what does this mean?

A

A review is an analysis of another persons work/study

51
Q

What is a strength of a review?

A

No ethical concerns by the reviewer and is good to update views/research

52
Q

What is a weakness of a review?

A

Could be biased in what aspects of other people’s work you choose/select

53
Q

In what two ways can Yerkes’ research be defended in terms of ethics?

A

Ethical guidelines did not exist at that time and the government had approved of the tests
Confidentiality, actual names of the recruits are not known

54
Q

On what grounds can Yerkes’ research be considered ethnocentric?

A

Tests were based on American life culture, ‘scientific racism’

55
Q

How might Yerkes claim that his research was not ethnocentric?

A

Results were from a wide range of countries

56
Q

Were Yerkes’ ways of measuring intelligence standardised and replicable? (Internal reliability)

A

No, they were organised differently in different army camps, people were given the wrong tests and rushed. Definition of literate was also varied

57
Q

Was Yerkes’ sample large enough to suggest a consistent effect? (External reliability)

A

Yes, 1.75 million recruits

58
Q

Were Yerkes’ tests accurate measures of ‘native intellectual ability’? (Construct validity)

A

No, they were more likely to be measuring awareness of USA culture/ amount of time spent in the USA/ language skills and therefore was not measuring IQ

59
Q

How representative of the wider population was Yerkes’ sample? (Population validity)

A

Only army recruits so younger and all men

60
Q

How were the test results supposed to predict future performance? (Criterion)

A

Predicts effectiveness at job in the army

Psychology (38 decks)

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