Environmental: Topic One Flashcards
What is topic one?
Stressors in the environment
What is the name of the key research for topic one?
Black and Black
What did Black and Black research?
Aircraft noise exposure and residents’ stress and hypertension
What was the first core question that Black and Black were aiming to find?
Is health related quality of life worse in a community chronically exposed to aircraft noise than in a community not exposed?
What was the second core question that Black and Black were aiming to find?
Is long term aircraft noise exposure associated with elevated blood pressure in adults via noise stress as a mediating factor?
How many aircraft noise events were there in area one and what was their volume?
50 events of over 70 decibels
How far away was area 2 from the airport?
55km
Which airport was being studied?
Sydney airport
What town were area 2 living in?
South Penrith
How many aircraft noise events were experienced in area 2?
None
How were the areas matched?
On socio-economic indices
How many questionnaires were sent out?
1500
How many responses were received?
796 responses received
How many responses were fully completed?
704
What was the age range of the people who responded?
15-87
What were participants sent in order to complete?
Questionnaires made up of several sections
What was the first section of questions in the questionnaire?
Health measured in relation to physical functioning, general health, vitality and mental health questions
What were the health related questions based on?
SF-36
What was the second section of questions in the questionnaire?
Hypertension assessed through a series of closed questions in relation to medical history (cholesterol and high bp)
What was the third section of the questions in the questionnaire?
Annoyance measured by P’s identifying noise sources at home and to rate them 0-10 on how annoying they find them
What was the fourth section of the questions in the questionnaire?
Factors that could effect researchers ability to assess relationship between aircraft noise and health (e.g. employment, exercise)
What was the mean noise annoyance score for the noise affected area in comparison to the control group?
6.27 compared to 1.03
What was the mean score for general health, vitality and mental health for the exposed group in comparison to the control group?
It was significantly lower for the exposed group
Was long term aircraft noise significantly associated with chronic noise stress and how is this supported?
Yes, the exposed group had odds of 2.6 of having chronic noise stress
Was chronic stress significantly associated with hypertension and how is this supported?
Yes, P’s with chronic noise stress had odds of 2.74 of having hypertension
What did Glass and Singer look into?
Reasons why noise is stressful
What 3 aspects of sound were manipulated by G and S?
Volume, Predictability or Perceived control
P’s were given tasks to complete whilst what was going on?
While 25 minute recordings were playing
How were the 3 aspects varied?
Volume - 56 or 108dB
Predictability - 9 second regular intervals or irregular intervals
Perceived control - being able to flip a switch
What were the two tasks?
SPAG and a maths task
What did G and S find from their study?
Perceived control and predictability had the biggest effect on performance
What did Kenrick and MacFarlane look into?
How temperature affects stress
What in particular did K and M investigate in terms of temperature?
They investigated how drivers responded to a stationary car in front of them in varying temperatures
Where did the K and M’s study take place?
Arizona
Describe the sample used in K and M’s study
36M and 39F with an age range of 16-65
Describe the situation which K and M staged
Actor pulled up to traffic light and remained to sit at the green light for the duration of the light being green
How long was the light green for?
12 seconds
In what temperature conditions did K and M conduct their research?
88F - 116F (31-46C)
At what time of week and what time of day did K and M conduct their research?
15 consecutive Saturday’s (11am - 3pm)
What did K and M find in terms of how long P’s beeped their horns for?
At temperatures over 100F, 34% of P’s honked their horns for over half the time, no P’s did this under 90F
What did Lundberg look into?
Overcrowding on commuter trains
What did Lundberg do to measure stress levels on an overcrowded train?
He took urine samples from men on a 72 minute train journey
On average, who had higher levels of adrenaline?
Men on a busier train had higher levels of adrenaline than men on a quieter
What else did Lundberg find in terms of the timing of boarding the train?
He found that people who boarded the train early on had less adrenaline as they had more control over where they sat and who with
What theory did Ellis produce?
Rational Emotive Therapy
What is Rational Emotive Therapy?
A form of psychotherapy to help patients manage self defeating beliefs and develop more rational thoughts
What is the Rational Emotive Therapy from A - E?
A - Activating event (stressor) B - Beliefs (about stressor) C - Consequences (actions to avoid) D - Disputing (questioning the irrational beliefs) E - Effects (restructured thoughts)
