Environmental: Topic Five Flashcards
What is topic five?
Psychological effects of the build environment
What did Ulrich research?
Whether the view through a window may influence recovery from surgery
What was Ulrich’s aim?
To find out if the view from a hospital window would affect a patients recovery
Describe the sample used in Ulrich’s research
46 patients, all of whom had undergone gall bladder surgery, aged 20-69 with no complications
Where was the hospital?
Suburban pennsylvania
Describe the composition of Ulrich’s sample
23 matched pairs (15 female and 8 male)
From when and where were the records obtained from?
From 1972 and 1981 with assigned rooms on the 2nd and 3rd floor
Describe the hospital rooms
All rooms were double occupancy and nearly identical with the only difference being the view from the window
When in the year had the patients undergone the cholecystectomy?
Between 1st May and 20th September
Under what criteria were the p’s matched?
Sex, Age (within 5 years), smoker/non-smoker, weight, nature of hospitalisation, year of surgery and colour of room
Who gathered the information from the records?
Nurses
What information was gathered from the records?
Length of hospitalisation, number and strength of analgesics each day, number and strength of dosage, minor complications and nurses notes
How did the length of hospitalisation differ from wall view patients to tree view patients?
Tree view spent significantly less time in hospital (7.96 days vs 8.7 days)
How did intake of analgesics differ from the patients?
Tree view took significantly less than wall view
Describe the results in terms of positive and negative nurse notes for both patients
3.96 negative notes vs 1.13 negative notes
In what aspect was there no significant difference between the groups of patients?
No significance between consumption of anti anxiety drugs or minor post operative complications
What did Cohen look into?
Noise
What did Cohen aim to investigate?
The effects of noise on reading ability
Describe the sample used by Cohen
54 children (2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th grade)
Outline the differing sound conditions on the different apartment floors
55dBs on 32nd floor
66dBs on 8th floor
Where were the apartment blocks in Cohen’s study?
New York
What did Cohen correlate the noise level readings with?
MAT results (metropolitan achievement tests)
What did Cohen test?
Auditory discrimination
Which words did Cohen test for auditory discrimination?
Gear and beer
For how many children who had lived in the apartments for more than 4 years what was the correlation found?
There was a significant correlation between floor level and auditory discrimination
What other significant correlations were found in Cohen’s study?
Word knowledge, reading comprehension and reading total
What did White look into?
Green spaces
From how many people and when did White collect information?
From 10,000 people between 1991-2008
What did White ask P’s about?
Mental health, living condition, location and many more variables
What did White find?
That those living in greener areas reported less mental distress and higher life satisfaction
What do White’s findings mean?
That our well being can be affected by the type of area we live in
Newman and Pruitt Igoe demonstrates the idea of what?
Defensible space
When and where was the Pruitt Igoe project built?
St Louis, Missouri in 1954
How many people was the Pruitt Igoe supposed to house and what was it’s aim?
12,000 people with an aim to provide space and security
What did the Pruitt Igoe have that made it more safe?
It supposedly had many features that made it immune to crime
When was the Pruitt Igoe demolished?
1972
Why was the Pruitt Igoe demolished?
Because it had failed
Which areas became ‘havens for crime’ and why?
The communal areas because the residents did not feel like they owned the space and therefore they became littered and damaged
Describe the idea of ‘defensible space’
That we take care of and defend space which we feel like we have ownership of
What did Armitage look into?
Cul-de-sacs and footpaths
What was Armitage’s research question?
Does road layout have an impact on crime and therefore residents well being
People living on what type of road experience less crime and why?
Cul-de-sacs experience less crime as it isn’t as easy for burglars to get away
What must cul-de-sacs not have to ensure safety?
‘Leaky’ footpaths
Under what circumstances are footpaths okay to be included?
If they are short, direct, wide, overlooked, well lit and not running alongside properties
