Development area: Kohlberg Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Kohlberg base his theory about stages of moral development on?

A

Piaget’s ideas about how children around the age of 9/10 understand that intentions are more important than the consequences

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2
Q

What was Kohlberg’s aim?

A

To provide evidence for his stage theory of moral development from childhood into adulthood and to see if some basic stages are universal

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3
Q

What research method did Kohlberg use?

A

Self report, longitudinal

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4
Q

How was Kohlberg’s study longitudinal?

A

Because he interviewed the boys every 3 years for 12 years

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5
Q

Describe the sample used in Kohlberg’s study

A

75 boys from middle and lower class families in Chicago aged 10-16, he later extended this sample to other american cities and countries

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6
Q

What did Kohlberg give to the boys every 3 years?

A

Hypothetical dilemmas

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7
Q

What was then recorded about the boys’ answers to the dilemma’s?

A

The reasons behind their answer

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8
Q

What are 2 strengths of longitudinal studies?

A

Easy to compare differences over time

Reduces individual differences as same P’s are used

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9
Q

What are 2 weaknesses of longitudinal studies?

A

Loss of P’s

May be costly/difficult to track P’s

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10
Q

What other places around the world did Kohlberg collect data in?

A

Great Britain, Canada, Taiwan, Mexico, Turkey

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11
Q

Why did Kohlberg make the effort to collect data in these different countries?

A

As moral values may vary across cultures and by doing this he could avoid the study being ethnocentric

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12
Q

Give 2 strengths of cross cultural research

A

Helps avoid ethnocentrism

Helps researchers to identify flaws in their work

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13
Q

Give 2 weaknesses of cross cultural research

A
Can be difficult to avoid cultural bias
Practical difficulties (e.g. language, misuse of research)
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14
Q

What is level one of the stage theory? (age?)

A

Pre-conventional morality (4-10 yrs)

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15
Q

What is stage 1?

A

Obedience orientation

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16
Q

What is the general idea of obedience orientation?

A

That rules are fixed and therefore we must follow them in order to avoid punishment

17
Q

What is stage 2?

A

Self-interest orientation

18
Q

What is the general idea of self-interest orientation?

A

That decisions are made on the principle of ‘what’s in it for me?’

19
Q

What is level two of the stage theory?

A

Conventional morality

20
Q

What is stage 3?

A

Social conformity orientation

21
Q

What is the general idea of social conformity orientation?

A

That there is a sense of what ‘good boys’ and ‘nice girls’ do

22
Q

What is stage 4?

A

Law and order orientation

23
Q

What is the general idea of law and order orientation?

A

To maintain law and order by following the rules, doing one’s duty and respecting authority

24
Q

What is level 3 of the stage theory?

A

Post-conventional morality

25
Q

What is stage 5?

A

Social contract orientation

26
Q

What is the general idea of social contract orientation?

A

People understand what is right and wrong and sometimes will disobey rules if they find them to be inconsistent with their personal values

27
Q

What is stage 6?

A

Universal ethics orientation

28
Q

What is the general idea of universal ethics orientation?

A

It is based on abstract reasoning and the ability to put yourself in other people’s shoes and people at this stage will have a principled conscience

29
Q

Kohlberg concluded that the stages follow an ‘invariant developmental sequence’, what does this mean?

A

That they come one at a time and always in the same order

30
Q

Conclusion 2: ‘All movement is forward in sequence, ________’

A

and does not skip steps

31
Q

(Conclusion) Is the sequence affected by varying social, cultural or religious conditions?

A

No - it is universal

32
Q

Was Kohlberg’s study internally reliable? (Standardised and replicable)

A

Yes - p’s were given the same moral dilemma’s and the same questions to answer

33
Q

Was Kohlberg’s study externally reliable? ( Large sample to show consistent effect)

A

Yes - 75 boys from USA and p’s from other cultures means no one-off results

34
Q

Did Kohlberg’s study have construct validity? (Was it an accurate measure of moral development)

A

It may have been testing linguistic understand or intelligence rather than solely measuring ‘moral development’

35
Q

Was Kohlberg’s study externally valid? (Can the sample be generalised from?)

A

No - only males were used so therefore is biased against women

36
Q

Was Kohlberg’s study ecologically valid?

A

No because people may behave differently to what they say they would do

37
Q

Which ethics could it be argued that Kohlberg did not uphold?

A

Debrief - had to wait for 12 years

Protection from harm - mild emotional stress caused through the scenarios