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Psychology > Issues in mental health: Topic One > Flashcards

Issues in mental health: Topic One Flashcards

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1
Q

What is topic one?

A

The historical context of mental health

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2
Q

What are the 3 historical views of mental illness?

A

Animism, humourism and animalism

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3
Q

What is the general belief of animism?

A

That everyone and everything has a soul and mental illness was as a result of evil spirits taking possession of an individual and controlling their behaviour

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4
Q

Some skulls of Paleolithic cave dwellers have been found with what?

A

Characteristic holes (trephines/trepanes) which were chipped out by stone instruments

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5
Q

What was the purpose of trepanning?

A

To provide an exit for the evil spirit

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6
Q

Who came up with the theory of humourism?

A

Hippocrates

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7
Q

What did Hippocrates identify mental illness as?

A

A scientific phenomenon

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8
Q

What did Hippocrates believe in terms of mental illness?

A

That ‘madness’ resulted from an imbalance of the four humours and could therefore be balanced to cure the person

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9
Q

What were the 4 humours?

A

Blood, phlegm, yellow bile and black bile

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10
Q

What did Hippocrates believe that depression (melancholia) was a result of?

A

Too much black bile

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11
Q

What were some treatments used to rebalance the four humours?

A

Bloodletting, blistering and laxatives

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12
Q

What was the main principle of animalism?

A

The idea to treat the mentally ill like animals

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13
Q

What was the main reasoning for treating the ‘insane’ like animals?

A

Because they believed that madness caused a lack of capacity of ‘reason’ which they felt distinguished humans from beasts

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14
Q

As a result of disordered and wild behaviour, what was the first part of treatment? (animalism)

A

To restore reason by keeping patients locked up, chained and possibly whipped

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15
Q

Why were the mentally ill treated via bleeding, blistering and vomiting? (animalism)

A

As it was believed patients didn’t have sensitivities, like animals

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16
Q

Who suggested the 4 ways of defining abnormality?

A

Rosenhan and Seligman

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17
Q

What are the 4 ways to define abnormality?

A

Statistical infrequency, failure to function adequately, deviation from social norms and deviation from ideal mental health

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18
Q

What is the general idea of statistical infrequency?

A

The idea that if something is outside the statistical ‘norm’ then it would be termed abnormal

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19
Q

Give an example of statistical infrequency

A

Schizophrenia - only affects 3.5% of the population and is therefore statistically rare/abnormal

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20
Q

What is failure to function adequately?

A

Whereby someone is unable to meet typical obligations and cannot live a ‘normal’ life they are seen as not functioning adequately

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21
Q

Give some examples of things that would be considered a failure to function adequately

A

Not going to work, not maintaining relationships or not looking after one’s health

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22
Q

What are social norms and therefore what can be abnormal behaviour be seen as?

A

Social norms are expected or approved ways of behaving so abnormal behaviour may be seen as that which deviates from social norms

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23
Q

What is ‘ideal mental health’?

A

Being positive about yourself
Able to cope independently
Accurate perception of reality and being able to cope with demands
Positive social interactions

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24
Q

What is deviation from ideal mental health?

A

When a person does multiple ‘abnormal’ things in terms of mental health

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25
Q

Give some examples of behaviour which would show deviation from ideal mental health

A

Suffering, maladaptiveness, unconventional behaviour, irrationality, unpredictability and violation of moral standards

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26
Q

How do we categorise mental disorders?

A

Using the DSM-5

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27
Q

Who produces the DSM?

A

The American Psychiatric association

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28
Q

What does DSM stand for?

A

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders

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29
Q

Where else are mental disorders categorised other than the DSM?

A

The international classification of disease (ICD-10)

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30
Q

How many categories of mental disorder are in DSM-5 and give some examples

A

22 categories including, depressive, anxiety, feeding and eating, sleep-wake disorders and sexual dysfunction disorder

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31
Q

How does the DSM cluster disorders?

A

Into internalising disorders and externalising disorders

32
Q

Give an example of an internalising disorder

A

Depression

33
Q

Give an example of an externalising disorder

A

Impulsive disorder

34
Q

What other things does the DSM include information on?

A

Gender and culture related diagnostic issues, comorbidity (when disorders occur together), prevalence (frequency of issue within age groups) and diagnostic criteria

35
Q

What is the key research for topic 1?

A

Rosenhan - on being sane in insane places

36
Q

What was study 1 of Rosenhan’s research?

A

Can psychiatric hospitals detect sanity?

37
Q

How many sane people phoned up for an appointment at how many different mental hospitals?

A

8 people called 12 different hospitals

38
Q

When the pseudopatients arrived at admissions what did they all report?

A

The same symptoms of hearing an unfamiliar voice of the same sex saying ‘empty’, ‘hollow’, ‘thud’

39
Q

Once the pseudopatients were admitted what did they stop doing?

A

They stopped simulating any symptoms and took part in regular ward activities

40
Q

What diagnoses were the pseudopatients given?

A

11 were given a diagnosis of schizophrenia and 1 manic-depressive psychosis

41
Q

How long, on average did the pseudopatients remain in hospital?

A

19 days

42
Q

Upon discharge, what diagnosis were the pseudopatients given?

A

Schizophrenia ‘in remission’

43
Q

How many patients at the hospital had suspicions about the pseudopatients?

A

35 out of 118

44
Q

Give some qualitative data from the patients about the pseudopatients?

A

‘You’re not crazy’, ‘You’re a journalist or professor’, ‘You’re checking up on the hospital’

45
Q

Outline which normal behaviours were seen as a symptom of their disorder

A

Note-taking and queuing up for lunch was described as displaying oral acquisitive behaviour that might be expected of someone with schizophrenia

46
Q

Who had access to patients records?

A

Anyone

47
Q

What was the total time a patient spent with psychologists, psychiatrists etc in a day?

A

6.8 minutes

48
Q

Describe the experiment in study 1

A

The pseudopatients would approach a member of staff with a simple polite request asking when they would be presented at the staff meeting

49
Q

What did pseudopatients record from the experiment in study 1?

A

They recorded how staff responded to the request (i.e. if they moved on with head averted, made eye contact, paused and chatted or stopped and talked)

50
Q

At how many of the hospitals did the pseudopatients conduct the experiment?

A

4

51
Q

What was Rosenhan’s second study?

A

Can psychiatric hospitals detect insanity?

52
Q

What were the psychiatric hospital told in the second study?

A

They were informed that during the next three months, one or more pseudopatients would attempt to be admitted to the hospital

53
Q

In reality, how many pseudopatients did Rosenhan send to the hospital?

A

0

54
Q

How many patients were confidently judged as pseudopatients by one psychiatrist and one other staff member?

A

19 out of 193

55
Q

Summarise Rosenhan’s conclusions

A

Mental hospitals made inaccurate and unreliable diagnoses in the 1970s and treated patients with profound language/disrespect

56
Q

What is an affective disorder?

A

A disorder that affects mood

57
Q

Give an example of an affective disorder

A

Depression

58
Q

What does the DSM-5 say about the diagnosis of depression?

A

That 5 or more symptoms must be present during the same 2 week period including either symptom 1 or 2 for a diagnosis of depression to be given

59
Q

What is symptom 1 of depression?

A

Depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day

60
Q

What is symptom 2 of depression?

A

Diminished interest or pleasure in all or most activities most of the day, nearly every day

61
Q

Give 3 other symptoms of depression

A

Insomnia or excessive sleep (hypersonic) nearly every day, Fatigue or loss of energy, Recurrent thoughts of death or suicide

62
Q

What is a psychotic disorder?

A

A disorder which causes someone to lose touch with reality (e.g. through hallucinations or delusions)

63
Q

Give an example of a psychotic disorder

A

Schizophrenia

64
Q

What are symptoms of psychotic disorders said to be?

A

Either positive or negative

65
Q

What does a diagnosis of schizophrenia require?

A

Major symptoms need to be persistent with at least 2 positive symptoms for at least one month

66
Q

Give some examples of positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Hallucinations (perceptual disturbances e.g. voices), Delusions (false beliefs)/Paranoid delusions/delusions of grandeur (believing you’re famous) or disordered thinking (unable to concentrate and sort thoughts)

67
Q

Give some examples of negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Affective problems (reduction in range and intensity of emotion e.g. laughing at an inappropriate time), Poverty of speech (reduction in speech fluency) and reduced motivation

68
Q

Give an example of an anxiety disorder

A

Phobias

69
Q

What is a phobia?

A

An extreme or excessive fear or something with a physiological response

70
Q

What are the 3 types of phobia?

A

Agoraphobia, specific phobia or social phobia

71
Q

Describe agoraphobia

A

Fear of open spaces - typically the fear of not being able to escape. In extreme cases, agoraphobics become ‘prisoners’ in their own homes

72
Q

Describe social phobia

A

Intense and excessive fear of being in a situation in which one is exposed to possible scrutiny by others. Also, a fear of embarrassing oneself

73
Q

Describe specific phobia

A

A fear of a specific thing or situation (e.g. spiders)

74
Q

What are the strengths of the process of diagnosis?

A

DSM has a comprehensive list of symptoms and disorders, so can easily diagnose with the help of this

75
Q

What is a weakness of the process of diagnosis?

A

Reliant on a patient being honest about their issues and they could therefore exaggerate as they rely on self report

Psychology (38 decks)

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