Issues in mental health: Topic Three Flashcards

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1
Q

What is topic 3?

A

Alternatives to the medical model

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2
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning through the association of a stimulus which causes an emotional response to what would typically cause a neutral response

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3
Q

What did Watson and Raynor do?

A

They induced a fear of white rats and fluffy animals by associating them with loud noises (something that Albert was initially scared of)

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4
Q

How might classical conditioning provide an explanation for phobias?

A

As the emotional response of fear/anxiety can become associated with a typically neutral stimulus

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5
Q

How might social learning theory provide an explanation for phobias?

A

If a child sees a significant adult with a phobia then they might replicate this behaviour

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6
Q

What did Aaron Beck suggest?

A

That there are 3 main dysfunctional beliefs in people with depression which form a cognitive triad

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7
Q

What are the 3 dysfunctional beliefs from the negative cognitive triad?

A

‘I am worthless of flawed’, ‘Everything I do results in failure’ and ‘the future is hopeless’

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8
Q

What did Beck suggest that a person does when they become depressed?

A

They would seek out information to confirm their negative beliefs

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9
Q

Over generalisation is a cognitive distortion, what is this?

A

Where one unfortunate event is seen as part of a never ending struggle and the cognition is ‘everything always goes wrong for me’

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10
Q

What did Ellie propose that irrational thoughts could cause?

A

They could cause and sustain mental disorders

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11
Q

What are the 3 faulty cognitions that Ellis summarised?

A

1) I must be outstandingly competent or I am worthless
2) Others must treat me considerately or they are absolutely rotten
3) The world should always give me happiness or I will die

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12
Q

What are Ellis’ faulty cognitions likely to cause someone to feel?

A

These highly unrealistic expectations are likely to cause someone to feel like a failure and could possibly lead to depression

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13
Q

When was the humanistic approach developed and what does it consider?

A

Developed in the 1960s and considers the uniqueness of humans

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14
Q

According to the humanistic approach what does each person have the ability to do?

A

To be mentally healthy

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15
Q

According to the humanistic approach how can a person fulfil their potential?

A

Through psychological growth with the aim of self actualisation

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16
Q

What does the humanistic approach focus on? (in terms of a person)

A

The individual and their free will

17
Q

What is the key focus of the humanistic approach?

A

The self and concepts such as self esteem and self worth

18
Q

What will cause mental and social problems in accordance with the humanistic approach?

A

Anything that prevents our ability to grow

19
Q

What did Maslow suggest to get closer to self actualisation?

A

That there is a hierarchy of needs we need to strive to meet

20
Q

Why is there little impact from outside sources to determine behaviour (humanistic approach)?

A

Because we have the free will to pursue self actualisation

21
Q

What is a good course of treatment according to the humanistic approach?

A

Client-centred therapy

22
Q

What is client-centred therapy?

A

Where a therapist listens and may make suggestions for the patient to consider about self esteem and their ideal self but the patient must lead the therapy

23
Q

What is the hierarchy of needs from bottom to top?

A

Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self actualisation

24
Q

What is the first thing a patient has to do for systematic desensitisation?

A

Build a hierarchy of stimuli which cause them anxiety from the least fearful to the most fearful (e.g. look at a picture, touch the picture, see the real item in the distance)

25
Q

What is the patient taught during systematic desensitisation?

A

The patient is taught deep muscle relaxation or to imagine themselves somewhere pleasant and relaxing

26
Q

What does the therapist do once the patient has been taught deep muscle relaxation?

A

They take the patient step-by-step through their hierarchy of fear at each stage using the relaxation techniques until the patient no longer feels anxious

27
Q

Where can the patient apply their newly learnt responses (systematic desensitisation)?

A

To real life settings to demonstrate that their phobia has been removed

28
Q

What happens during flooding?

A

The feared object is presented directly to the patient

29
Q

How does flooding work?

A

The fear response caused by adrenaline is not sustainable and will eventually calm down and then that feeling of calm can be associated with the feared object

30
Q

Why does flooding not always work?

A

Because the initial panic may reinforce the phobia

31
Q

Who proposed rational emotive therapy?

A

Ellis

32
Q

What does rational emotive therapy look for?

A

Beliefs/thoughts which are irrational or unhelpful, may be seen in the way they speak as ‘awfulizing’

33
Q

What is the ‘A’ in RET?

A

Activating the event

34
Q

What is the ‘B’?

A

Beliefs (about stimulus)

35
Q

What is the ‘C’?

A

Consequences (actions to avoid stimulus)

36
Q

What is the ‘D’?

A

Disputing (questioning irrational beliefs)

37
Q

What is the ‘E’?

A

Effects (restructured thoughts to help the person to cope)