Schizophrenia And Neurobiology

Question 1

Genetic risk percentage?

Answer 1

1%

Question 2

Monozygotic twin risk?

Answer 2

50%

Question 3

Cannabis use increases risk of schizophrenia by?

Answer 3

X6

Question 4

Neuropathology of schizophrenia?

Answer 4

1. Ventricular enlargement
2. Reduced brain volume, grey matter
3. Cytoarchitectural differences in cortex and hippocampus

Question 5

Which area has shown morphology of hallucinations?

Answer 5

Paracingulate sulcus

Question 6

Wisconsin card sorting task?

Answer 6

Match shape or colour, not warned by rule changes _ hence cognitive flexibility

Question 7

What is a specific symptom of schizophrenia?

Answer 7

Hypofrontality- decreased blood flow in the prefrontal cortex

Question 8

Neurodevelopmental pathology?

Answer 8

Chandelier cells- gabaergic interneurons not able to develop properly so can’t support pyramidal cells glutamate hence not effective networks in prefrontal cortex.

Question 9

What happens in adolescence in regards to synapses?

Answer 9

Decrease in prefrontal excitatory synapses and increase in inhibitory synapses.

But in schizophrenia you have excessive pruning and reduced inter neuron activity and deficient myelination

Question 10

Functional changes auditory hallucinations?

Answer 10

Hyperexcitable sensory cortex, no fine tuning of signal to noise

Question 11

Theta rhythm?

Answer 11

Place cells in hippocampus

Question 12

Alpha rhythm?

Answer 12

Normal awake frequency

Question 13

Beta rhythm?

Answer 13

Preparation potential

Question 14

Gamma rhythm?

Answer 14

Attention perception and waking rhythm, not right in schizophrenia patients

Question 15

What do dopamine antagonist cause?

Answer 15

Prevent positive symptoms

Haloperidol, chloropromazine,

Question 16

Dopamine agonists cause?

Answer 16

Positive symptoms

Ldopa cocaine, amphetamine

Question 17

D1 receptors?

Answer 17

D1 and D5

Gs coupled

Question 18

D2 receptor family?

Answer 18

D2 3 and 4

Gi couples

Question 19

D2 receptors can be found?

Answer 19

Caudate, putamen and nucleus accumbens

Question 20

Which metabotropic receptor does D2 family bind to?

Answer 20

Gi

Question 21

D4 receptors can be found?

Answer 21

Frontal cortex

Question 22

Typical antipsychotics can cause?

Answer 22

Extrapyramidal effects: tardice dyskinesia, Parkinsonism like, supersensitivity

Question 23

Atypical antipsychotic benefit?

Answer 23

Without eps because lower activity on D2 receptors example clozapine selective to D4 and seretonin

Question 24

Clozapine can improve?

Answer 24

Positive and negative symptoms

Question 25

Side effects of clozapine?

Answer 25

Neutropenia, tachycardia hypersalivation, neutropenia, weight gain

Question 26

Glutamate hypothesis?

Answer 26

PCP, NMDA ANTAGONIST, causes positive negative and cognitive symptoms

Question 27

Linking dopamine and glutamate link?

Answer 27

Glutamergic neuron activated by dopamine neuron.

And glutamatergic neuron in prefrontal cortex activates gaba neuron in ventral tegmental area.
Preventing dopamine which acts on nucleus accumbens causing positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

Question 28

Atypical antipsychotics cause?

Answer 28

Increase DA activity in prefrontal cortex
Decrease DA activity in nucleus accumbens

Also some improvement of neurocognitive deficits increased verbal fluency

Question 29

Stroop test?

Answer 29

Matching colour to word

Question 30

Other atypical?

Answer 30

Olanzapine, risperidone,