Neuropathology

Question 1

What do astrocytes do?

Answer 1

Regulate metabolism

Question 2

Function of microglia?

Answer 2

Monocytes macrophage system, clearing debris and inflammation biproducts

Question 3

Normal volume of CSF?

Answer 3

150ml

Question 4

CSF is produced by?

Answer 4

Choroid plexus in lateral ventricles, 450 ml per 24hr

Question 5

Hydrocephalus communicating?

Answer 5

No obstruction in flow within ventricles.

Question 6

Hydrocephalus ex vacuo?

Answer 6

Shrinking of brain tissue, intracranial pressure isn’t increased

Question 7

Hydrocephalus non communicating?

Answer 7

CSF blocked in ventricle passages

Question 8

CSF raised pressure?

Answer 8

Above 200mm H2O

Question 9

Herniations within head:

Answer 9

Subfalcial, transtentorial, tonsillar (may result in compression of medulla causing impairment of respiratory and cardiac functions

Question 10

Duret haemorrhages:

Answer 10

Infarction by pressure of medulla. Small linear lines of bleeding of midbrain and upper pons.

Question 11

Diffuse axonal injury?

Answer 11

Traumatic brain injury, due to blunt force. Functional mechanism of axons stop.

Question 12

Coup-contrecoup?

Answer 12

Bruise on opposite sides of brain due to inertia.

Question 13

Extradural injury?

Answer 13

Arterial laceration, middle meningeal artery. Normally are fine and then serious after a few hours then die.
Lemon shaped.

Question 14

Subdural bleed?

Answer 14

Venous bleed (connecting veins), mainly older people. Blood not that fresh.

Question 15

Subarachnoid bleed?

Answer 15

Base of skull, rupture in circle of Willis (berry aneurysm)

Question 16

Berry aneurysm areas?

Answer 16

Anterior communicating artery, middle cerebral artery. Red blood.

Question 17

Intracerebral haemorrhage??

Answer 17

Black blood, realised intracranial pressure chronically

Question 18

Ischaemic infarct leads to…

Answer 18

Liquefactive necrosis

Question 19

What percentage of malignant childhood tumours are located in CNS?

Answer 19

20%