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202 > Physiology Of Hearing > Flashcards

Physiology Of Hearing Flashcards

1
Q

Travelling speed of sounds?

A

340m/s

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2
Q

What is intensity measured in?

A

dB SPL

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3
Q

What is pain threshold?

A

140db spl

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4
Q

Frequency range for adult humans?

A

20 to 20,000

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5
Q

Over which level can you get permanent hearing damage?

A

Over 90 db

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6
Q

What are 3 bones inside middle ear cavity?

A

Incus, malleus, stapes

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7
Q

How much pressure is increased in middle ear?

A

X45

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8
Q

Otitis media?

A

Infection/ inflammation of middle ear, in children (upper respiratory tract infection), fills with fluid

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9
Q

Grommets?

A

Small tube placed in ear for drainage

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10
Q

Otosclerosis?

A

Fusion of stapes and oval window

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11
Q

Frequency at basal end?

A

High

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12
Q

Frequency apical end?

A

Low

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13
Q

Scala vestibule is connected to?

A

Oval window

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14
Q

Scala tympani is connected to?

A

Round window

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15
Q

Where do scala vestibule and tympani communicate?

A

Helicotrema at apex of cochlear

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16
Q

What do scala vestibule and tympani contain?

A

Perilymph high sodium low potassium

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17
Q

What does scala media contain?

A

Endolymph

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18
Q

Where is endolymph produced?

A

Stria vascularis

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19
Q

What does round window act as?

A

Pressure relief, bulges out so fluid doesn’t get compressed

20
Q

What does organ of corti do?

A

Detects sound induced motions of basilar membrane

21
Q

Hair cells are between?

A

Tectorial and basilar membrane

22
Q

Apical membrane of hair cells is in?

A

Endolymph

23
Q

Basolateral membrane is bathed in?

A

Perilymph

24
Q

How many hair cells in human cochlea?

A

15,000

25
Q

What causes mechano-electrical transducer channels to open?

A

Tips links pulls open in direction of excitation

26
Q

When outer hair cells depolarise and hyperpolarise what happens?

A

Depolarise-shorten
Hyperpolarise-lengthen

Prestin in basolateral membrane, OHC motor, a modified anion exchanger

27
Q

Inner hair cells are innervated by?

A

10-20 type 1 spinal neurons

28
Q

Outer hair cells are innervated by?

A

Type 2 spinal neurons, painfully loud sound

29
Q

Efferent fibres from medial olive innervated?

A

Outer hair cells

30
Q

Efferent fibres from lateral olive synapse on?

A

Type 1 afferent fibres

31
Q

Cochlear ganglion transmits afferent information via which nerve?

A

8th

32
Q

Noise can cause what?

A

Glutamate excitotoxicity
Mitochondrial damage
Physical effects of hair bundle

33
Q

How many people over 70 have significant hearing loss?

A

30%

34
Q

Ototxic drugs?

A

CispLatin, loop diuretics,aminoglycoside antibiotics salicylate

35
Q

Genetic mutation?

A

1 in 2000

36
Q

How many deafness genes?

A

More than 50

37
Q

Which genes are affected in congenital deafness?

A

50% in gap junction genes

38
Q

Maximum channels in cochlear implants?

A

24

39
Q

Central auditory system?

A

Can’t stop needing info, must proceed

Cochlear nucleus
Superior Olivary complex
Nucleus of lateral leminiscus
Inferior colliculus
Medial geniculate body
Primary auditory cortex
40
Q

What does superior olivary complex do?

A

Localise sound in space

41
Q

Interaural level difference?

A

Sound intensity in lateral superior olive

42
Q

Interaural time difference?

A

Medial superior olive- timing of arrival of sounds in left and right ears

43
Q

Inferior colliculus?

A

Laminar organisation, isofrequency sheets.
Combine complex frequency and amplitude analysis of dorsal cochlear nucleus and sound localisation from superior olivary nucleus

Reflex centre

44
Q

Lesions in auditory cortex cause?

A

Sound localisation, discrimination of temporal pattern, intelligibility of speech

45
Q

What are the targets of deafness genes in the cochlea?

A 
Tight junctions
Transduction complex
Gap junctions 
Afferent synapse
Tectorial membrane 
Stria vascularis
46
Q

What is motor aphasia?

A

Brocas

47
Q

What is sensory aphasia?

A

Wernickes

202 (58 decks)

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