Chemical In The Brain

Question 1

Amino acids, monoamine and acetylcholine are synthesised?

Answer 1

Locally in presynaptic terminal and are stored in vesicles, released in response to local increase in ca

Question 2

Neuropeptides are synthesised?

Answer 2

In cell some and transported to terminal, stored in secretory granules and released in response to global increase in Ca

Question 3

Difference between low and high frequency stimulation?

Answer 3

Low- releases of monoamines etc

High-release of neuropeptides too

Question 4

Seretonergic system is important in?

Answer 4

Mood, pain, sleep appetite and emotion, neurons from brain stem

Question 5

How is glutamate synthesised?

Answer 5

From glucose in krebs
Glutamine converted by glutaminase

Then stored in vesicular glutamate transporters

Question 6

How does glutamate reuptake happen?

Answer 6

Excitatory amino acid transporters

Question 7

Glia convert glutamate into?

Answer 7

Glutamine and then transported back into presynaptic terminal where it is converted to glutamate

Question 8

Gaba is synthesised from?

Answer 8

Glutamate by glutamic acid decarboxylase

High proportion of gaba is made de novo than recycling

Question 9

Gamma hydroxybutrate is?

Answer 9

Date rape drug

GaBA metabolite that can be converted to GABA, leading to unconsciousness and coma

Question 10

Seretonin is an?

Answer 10

Indolamine

Question 11

Dopamine and adrenaline are?

Answer 11

Catecholamine

Question 12

Dopamine synthesis happens by?

Answer 12

Tyrosine to L DOPA to dopamine

Question 13

Who is L dopa given to?

Answer 13

Parkinson’s patients

Question 14

How is epinephrine made?

Answer 14

Dopamine to norepinephrine via DBH, dopamine beta hydroxylase
Then to epinephrine

Question 15

What is special about norepinephrine?

Answer 15

Only transmitter synthesised in vesicle ad DBH only located in vesicle

Question 16

How are catecholamines loaded in vesicles?

Answer 16

Through proton gradient vie vesicular monoamine transporters

Question 17

What converts L DOPA into dopamine?

Answer 17

Dope decarboxylase

Question 18

Reuptake of catecholamines?

Answer 18

Via DATs / NETs

In cytoplasm catecholamines are reloaded into vesicles and enzymatically degraded by Monoamine oxidase or inactivated by catechol o methyl transferase

Question 19

Amphetamine role?

Answer 19

Reverse transporter, pumps out transmitter and blocks reuptake of Da and NE

Question 20

Cocaine and Methyphenidate role?

Answer 20

Block DA reuptake

Question 21

Selegiline role?

Answer 21

MAO inhibitor, prevents break down of da

Question 22

Entacapone role?

Answer 22

COMT inhibitor- increases available amount of neurotransmitter

Question 23

Seretonin synthesis?

Answer 23

Tryptophan to 5 hydroxytryptophan to 5 hydroxytrptamine

Question 24

Reuptake of seretonin by?

Answer 24

SERTs and destroyed by MAO

Question 25

Fluoxetine role?

Answer 25

Blocks reuptake of seretonin SSRI- treatment of depression

Question 26

Fenfluramine role?

Answer 26

Stimulates release of seretonin and inhibits its uptake- appetite suppressant in obesity

Question 27

MDMA role?

Answer 27

NE and seretonin transporters to run backwards, potential for PTSD

Question 28

What converts choline Acetyl coA into acetylcholine?

Answer 28

Choline acetyltransferase

Question 29

neostigmine role?

Answer 29

Blocks breakdown of Ach, treatment of myasthenia gravis

Question 30

Neuropeptides are made of how many amino acids?

Answer 30

3 to 36

Question 31

Neuropeptides vesicle membrane is ?

Answer 31

Recycled but not refilled

Question 32

Neuropeptides signalling is terminated by?

Answer 32

Diffusion and degradation by protease

Question 33

Retrograde signalling?

Answer 33

NO made by nitric oxide synthase in post synaptic neuron, activated by binding of calcium and calmodulin
No activated guanylyl Cyclase which makes cGMP
NO becomes inactive

Question 34

What is an endocannabinoid?

Answer 34

Small lipid which causes reduced GABA release at certain inhibitory terminals