Chemical In The Brain Flashcards
Amino acids, monoamine and acetylcholine are synthesised?
Locally in presynaptic terminal and are stored in vesicles, released in response to local increase in ca
Neuropeptides are synthesised?
In cell some and transported to terminal, stored in secretory granules and released in response to global increase in Ca
Difference between low and high frequency stimulation?
Low- releases of monoamines etc
High-release of neuropeptides too
Seretonergic system is important in?
Mood, pain, sleep appetite and emotion, neurons from brain stem
How is glutamate synthesised?
From glucose in krebs
Glutamine converted by glutaminase
Then stored in vesicular glutamate transporters
How does glutamate reuptake happen?
Excitatory amino acid transporters
Glia convert glutamate into?
Glutamine and then transported back into presynaptic terminal where it is converted to glutamate
Gaba is synthesised from?
Glutamate by glutamic acid decarboxylase
High proportion of gaba is made de novo than recycling
Gamma hydroxybutrate is?
Date rape drug
GaBA metabolite that can be converted to GABA, leading to unconsciousness and coma
Seretonin is an?
Indolamine
Dopamine and adrenaline are?
Catecholamine
Dopamine synthesis happens by?
Tyrosine to L DOPA to dopamine
Who is L dopa given to?
Parkinson’s patients
How is epinephrine made?
Dopamine to norepinephrine via DBH, dopamine beta hydroxylase
Then to epinephrine
What is special about norepinephrine?
Only transmitter synthesised in vesicle ad DBH only located in vesicle
How are catecholamines loaded in vesicles?
Through proton gradient vie vesicular monoamine transporters
What converts L DOPA into dopamine?
Dope decarboxylase
Reuptake of catecholamines?
Via DATs / NETs
In cytoplasm catecholamines are reloaded into vesicles and enzymatically degraded by Monoamine oxidase or inactivated by catechol o methyl transferase
Amphetamine role?
Reverse transporter, pumps out transmitter and blocks reuptake of Da and NE
Cocaine and Methyphenidate role?
Block DA reuptake
Selegiline role?
MAO inhibitor, prevents break down of da
Entacapone role?
COMT inhibitor- increases available amount of neurotransmitter
Seretonin synthesis?
Tryptophan to 5 hydroxytryptophan to 5 hydroxytrptamine
Reuptake of seretonin by?
SERTs and destroyed by MAO
Fluoxetine role?
Blocks reuptake of seretonin SSRI- treatment of depression
Fenfluramine role?
Stimulates release of seretonin and inhibits its uptake- appetite suppressant in obesity
MDMA role?
NE and seretonin transporters to run backwards, potential for PTSD
What converts choline Acetyl coA into acetylcholine?
Choline acetyltransferase
neostigmine role?
Blocks breakdown of Ach, treatment of myasthenia gravis
Neuropeptides are made of how many amino acids?
3 to 36
Neuropeptides vesicle membrane is ?
Recycled but not refilled
Neuropeptides signalling is terminated by?
Diffusion and degradation by protease
Retrograde signalling?
NO made by nitric oxide synthase in post synaptic neuron, activated by binding of calcium and calmodulin
No activated guanylyl Cyclase which makes cGMP
NO becomes inactive
What is an endocannabinoid?
Small lipid which causes reduced GABA release at certain inhibitory terminals
