Ruminant and Porcine Thorax - Comparative Anatomy

Question 1

Describe the line of costal pleural reflection in the cow

Answer 1

from 8th costochondral junction to the middle of the 11th rib, reaches the angle of the 13th rib just below the edge of the iliocostalis muscle

Question 2

Describe the line of costal pleural reflection in sheep

Answer 2

from 9th costochondral junction to the middle of the last rib, to the cranial border of transverse process of L1

Question 3

Describe the line of costal pleural reflection in the goat

Answer 3

from 6th costochondral junction to the level of the ventral border of the last rib

Question 4

Describe the mediastinum of the cow and goat

Answer 4

thick and intact

Question 5

Describe the mediastinum of the sheep

Answer 5

weaker than cow/goat
stronger than the horse

Question 6

Describe the unique features of the bovine right lung

Answer 6

the asymmetry of the right lung causes a deviation of both the cranial and caudal mediastinum from the left
the caudal part meets the diaphragm in a saggital plane that bisects the reticulum
(note relevance of Hardware Disease)

Question 7

In which species is the cupula pleura present?

Answer 7

cows, sheep and horses

Question 8

Where are the cardiac notches located in ruminants?

Answer 8

left: 3-5 ICS
right: 3-4 ICS

Question 9

Describe the cranial lobes of the ruminant lungs

Answer 9

both cranial lobes are subdivided into cranial and caudal parts

Question 10

Describe the cranial lobes of the lungs of pigs

Answer 10

only the left cranial lobe is subdivided into cranial and caudal parts

Question 11

Which species have an additional tracheal bronchus?

Answer 11

ruminants and pigs

Question 12

Describe the lobation of the bovine lungs

Answer 12

prominant intralobular lobation

Question 13

Describe the lobulation of the goat’s lungs

Answer 13

less conspicuous intralobular lobation than the cow

Question 14

Describe the lobation of the ovine lungs

Answer 14

barely any intralobular lobation

Question 15

Describe the lobation of the porcine lung

Answer 15

intralobular lobation is less conspicuous

Question 16

Describe borders of the caudal lung field of the bovine lung

Answer 16

cranial border: tricipital line
dorsal border: epaxial muscle
basal border of the lung ~3-4cm above the actual border of the lung

Question 17

Name the blood vessels of the thorax in ruminants and pigs

Answer 17

left azygous vein

Question 18

Describe the orientation of the ruminant heart

Answer 18

vertical

Question 19

Describe the orientation of the porcine heart

Answer 19

oblique 45 degree angle

Question 20

What are the ossa cordis and which species are they present in?

Answer 20

rings that surround the aorta in the bovine heart become ossified with age

Question 21

Describe the pericardium of the ruminants

Answer 21

attached to the sternum by two sternopericardiac ligaments

Question 22

Describe the ascending aorta and blood supply in ruminants

Answer 22

one major artery runs cranially - brachiocephalic trunk

Question 23

Describe the coronary arteries in the ruminant in relative size to each other

Answer 23

left coronary artery is larger

Question 24

Describe the coronary arteries in the pig in relative size to each other

Answer 24

right coronary artery is larger

Question 25

Which lymph node of the ruminant neck is most relevant

Answer 25

caudal mediastinal lymph node located between the esophagus and aorta

Question 26

Describe the dorsal thoarcic lymph node group in cows

Answer 26

intercostal lymph node is constant in the cow

Question 27

Is the thoacic aortic lymph node of the dorsal thoracic group constant in all species?

Answer 27

no - varies according to species

Question 28

Describe the ventral thoracic lymph node group in ruminants

Answer 28

cranial sternal lymph node - all species caidal sternal lymph node - constant in ruminants

Question 29

Describe the ventral thoracic lymph node group in pigs

Answer 29

cranial sternal lymph node - all species caidal sternal lymph node - inconsistent in pigs

Question 30

Describe the cranial mediastinal lymoh node in cows

Answer 30

relatively large

Question 31

Describe the middle mediastinal lymph node in cows

Answer 31

may be larger in cows

Question 32

Describe the middle mediastinal lymph node in pigs

Answer 32

ABSENT in pigs

Question 33

Describe the caudal mediastinal lymph node in ruminants

Answer 33

single and quite large

Question 34

Which species have a right bronchial lymph node? Which do not?

Answer 34

present in cows absent in sheep

Question 35

Which species have a cranial bronchial lymph node?

Answer 35

only ruminants and pig

Question 36

Which species have a middle bronchial lymph node? Which do not?

Answer 36

inconsistent in cows absent in sheep