Equine Head - Applied Anatomy

Question 1

What is the facial crest used for?

Answer 1

important landmark for surgical interventions

Question 2

What structure in the equine head is used for stomach intubation?

Answer 2

ventral nasal meatus

Question 3

What are some concerns and considerations associated with the paranasal sinuses of the horse?

Answer 3

infection prone
used in dentistry

Question 4

What are the surgical limits of the conchofrontal sinus?

Answer 4

rostrally: midway between the canthus and rostral end of the facial crest
medially: line ~2cm parallel to median plane
laterally: line passing through the supraorbital foramen
caudally: vertical line through zygomatic arch

Question 5

Trephine sites of the frontal sinus

Answer 5

halfway between the medial angle of the eye and the midline

Question 5

What are trephine sites?

Answer 5

used to inspect and/or flush the sinuses

Question 6

Trephine site for the rostral maxillary sinus

Answer 6

25mm dorsal to the rostral end of the facial crest

Question 7

Trephine site for the caudal maxillary sinus

Answer 7

same level as the rostral maxillary sinus’ trephine site but more caudal

Question 8

What are the surgical limits of the maxillary sinus?

Answer 8

dorsally: line between the infraorbital foramen and medial palpebral commisure of the eye betware of nasolacrimal duct
ventrally: facial crest

Question 9

What is contained within the maxillary sinus?

Answer 9

roots of the last three cheek teeth

Question 10

What becomes blocked when there is inflammation, restricting communication between the maxillary sinus and the nasal cavity?

Answer 10

nasomaxillary opening (middle nasal meatus)

Question 11

How are the points/sharp edges that result from the anisognathous nature of the equine cheek teeth corrected?

Answer 11

floating

Question 12

How can you tell a horse is 2 1/2 years old?

Answer 12

I1 erupts

Question 13

How can you tell a horse is 5 years old?

Answer 13

all cups are presnt
I1 and I2 are level

Question 14

How can you tell a horse is 6 years old?

Answer 14

I1 doesn’t have a cup

Question 15

When do dental stars appear?

Answer 15

at 8 years of age

Question 16

When does Galvayne’s groove appear?

Answer 16

at 10 years of age

Question 17

How can we use the seven year hook to age a horse?

Answer 17

first appears at 7 years old
disappears at 9 years old
reappears at 11 years old

Question 18

What condition results from laryngeal ventricle paralysis?

Answer 18

damage to the L recurrent laryngeal nerve - roaring

Question 19

What is the condition that results from the Gutteral Pouch being compromised?

Answer 19

gutteral pouch tympany

Question 20

How is gutteral pouch tympany corrected?

Answer 20

drained via Viborg’s Triangle
rostrally:caudal border of the mandible
dorsally: tendon of the sternocephalicus
caudally: lingofacial vein

Question 21

What structures does the gutteral pouch have close relationships with?

Answer 21

Dorsally: foramen lacerum, CN IX-XII, internal carotid, sympathetic ganglion
Ventrally: external carotid, medial and lateral retropharyngeal lymph nodes

Question 22

What part of the larynx is used as a site of surgical intervention?

Answer 22

cricothyroid membrane

Question 23

What is the purpose of the venous sinuses within the equine head?

Answer 23

assist in venous return from the head during grazing
cooling mechanism
equalizes BP while head is moving

Question 24

Where can a pulse be felt on the equine head?

Answer 24

facial artery
transverse facial artery
subcutaneous segment of massenteric artery

Question 25

Possible sites of injury of the facial nerve?

Answer 25

caudal border of the mandible
over the masseter muscle

Question 26

What is the result of bilateral paralysis of the mandibular nerve?

Answer 26

lower jaw drops

Question 27

Describe the Peterson Nerve Block

Answer 27

blocks maxillary nerve
anesthetizes the last 3 cheek teeth

Question 28

Describe the Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block

Answer 28

blocks the mandibular nerve
anesthetizes last 4 teeth of the mandible

Question 29

How would you block all teeth of the equine?

Answer 29

block at the mental foramen