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Large Animal Anatomy > Avian Comparative Anatomy > Flashcards

Avian Comparative Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

The wing of the bird is it’s ____

A

forelimb

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2
Q

What are the articulations of the pectoral girdle of the bird?

A

scapula
clavicle
coracoid

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3
Q

What is the canalis/foramen triosseum?

A

foramen at the junction of the articulations of the pectoral gurdle
tendon of the supracoracoideus (flight muscle) passes through here

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4
Q

Describe the scapula of the bird

A

flat rod, laying lateral and parallel to the vertebral column
extended caudally to the pelvis

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5
Q

Describe the coracoid of the bird

A

acts as a brace between the vigorous up-down strokes of the wing

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6
Q

Describe the clavicle of the bird

A

two clavicles fuse ventrally
forms the furcula

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7
Q

What is the function of the furcula?

A

braces the pectoral girdle against the axial skeleton

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8
Q

Describe the humerus of the bird

A

pneumatized bone with a pneumatic foramen

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9
Q

Describe the radius and ulna of the bird (the antebrachium)

A

the ulna is thicker and longer than the radius

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10
Q

What bones comprise the proximal row of the avian carpus?

A

radial and ulnar carpal bones

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11
Q

Describe the distal row of the avian carpus

A

fused with the metacarpals
forms the carpometacarpus

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12
Q

What is the synsacrum in the avian species?

A

fused thoracic, lumbar, sacral and caudal vertebrae
allows birds to stand erect

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13
Q

Do the hip bones of birds meet in a ventral symphysis?

A

no (except in the ostrich)

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14
Q

What part of the avian hindlimb is considered the “drumstick”?

A

tibiotarsus which is longer than the femur
fused tibia and proximal tarsal elements

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15
Q

Describe the fibula in birds

A

feebly developed

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16
Q

Describe the tarsal joint of the bird

A

tarsal bones merge with metatarsals II-IV forming the tarsometatarsus

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17
Q

Describe the tarsometatarsus in the bird

A

extends to the ground and gives rise to 4 digits
digit 1 is usually plantar

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18
Q

What is the vertebral formula for the avian species?

A

C 14 (varies with species)
T 7
LS 14
Cd 6

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19
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are present in small birds? swans? chickens?

A

small birds: 8
swans: 25
chickens: 14-17

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20
Q

Why is division of the vertebral regions difficult in the avian species?

A

extensive fusion

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21
Q

Describe the thoracic vertebrae of birds

A

complete ribs and connect with the sternum
the first 3-5 fuse - form the notarium

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22
Q

Describe the atlas of the bird

A

ring shaped
articulates by a depression in its ventral arch with a single occipital condyle

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23
Q

Describe the tail of birds

A

synsacrum is followed by 5-6 free caudal vertebrae - allowing free movement of the tail
pygostyle (most caudal segment)

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24
Q

Describe the pygostyle in the avial tail

A

most caudal segment
several fused rudiments
gives support to the flight feathers of the tail

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25
Q

What bone makes up the sternum of birds?

A

keel
large, unsegmented bone

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26
Q

How does the keel bone vary between avian species?

A

prominent in strong fliers
deep in weak fliers (chickens)

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27
Q

Where do the muscles of flight insert?

A

onto the keel

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28
Q

Which muscle of flight is responsible for downward stroke of the wings?

A

pectoralis muscle
aka superficial pectoral
aka pectoralis major

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29
Q

Which muscle of flight is responsible for the upward stroke of the wings?

A

supracoracoideus muscle
aka deep pectal
aka pectoralis minor

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30
Q

Which muscle of flight is responsible for drawing the wing caudally/folding up the wing?

A

latissimus dorsi muscle

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31
Q

Describe the oropharynx of the avian species

A

combined cavity
extends from the beak to the esophagus

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32
Q

Describe the roof of the avian oropharynx

A

composed of the hard palate NO SOFT PALATE
choana = opening
infundibular cleft = smaller opening, caudal to the choana

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33
Q

Describe the floor of the avian oropharynx

A

mandible, tongue, laryngeal mound

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34
Q

What is the laryngeal glottis in the avian species?

A

median slit on the laryngeal mound that opens to the larynx

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35
Q

What is the organ of phonation in the avian species?

A

synrinx

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36
Q

Describe the mucosa of the avian oropharynx

A

many openings for salivary glands
more in granivorous birds

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37
Q

Which side of is the avian esophagus on within the cervical region?

A

right side

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38
Q

Describe the crop

A

expansion of the ventral wall of the esophagus at the thoracic inlet
used to store food for short periods of time

39
Q

What are the two parts of the avian stomach?

A

proventriculus and ventriculus

40
Q

Proventriculus =

A

glandular stomach

41
Q

Ventriculus =

A

muscular stomach
gizzard

42
Q

Describe the proventriculus

A

spindle shaped
mucus-secreting columnar epithelium
numerous papillae and collecting ducts (glands) secrete HCl, pepsin, and mucus

43
Q

Describe the ventriculus

A

lens shaped
two thick masses of muscles - insert on tendinous centers, one on each side
cuboidal epithelium with tubular glands, screte Kaolin (carbohydrate-protein complpex) which hardens and protects the gizzard

44
Q

Where do the intestine open into in the avian species?

A

open into the cloaca

45
Q

What is the vitaline/meckel’s diverticulum?

A

small outgrowth marking the former connection with the yolk sac
persists for a few days to nourish the hatchling
also serves as a marker for the beginning of the ileum

46
Q

How many ceca are present in herbivorous birds?

A

two ceca at the ileocolic junction - function for bacterial breakdown of cellulose
attached via ileocecal folds

47
Q

Describe the cloaca

A

common to the digestive and urogenital systems
opens to the exterior at the vent

48
Q

What are the regions/parts of the cloaca

A

cuprodeum - where feces are stored
urodeum - where the ureter opens
proctodeum - most caudal, related to the reproductive system

49
Q

Which lobe of the avian liver is larger? Why?

A

right lobe - carries the gallbladder

50
Q

Which species of bird lacks a gallbladder?

A

pigeons

51
Q

What color is the avian liver?

A

dark brown
yellow for the first 2 weeks after hatching due to yolk pigment

52
Q

How many bile ducts are present in the avian species?

A

two
only the right one is attached to the gallbladder

53
Q

Where are the nostrils located in the bird?

A

located at the base of the beak - covered by operculum

54
Q

Name the nasal conchae present in the avian species?

A

rostral, middle and caudal conchae

55
Q

Describe the caudal nasal conchae in the avian species

A

encloses a diverticulum of the infraorbital sinus - communicates with the nasal cavity via a narrow duct

56
Q

What is the nasal/salt gland in birds? Describe it

A

extends from the dorsal part of the orbit in the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and opens into the cavity at the level of the rostral concha
secretes hypertonic sodium chloride solution - allows seabirds to drink saltwater

57
Q

Describe the trachea of birds

A

composed of tightly stacked, complete cartilaginous rings

58
Q

Describe the syrinx in birds

A

responsible for sound production - lateral and medial walls of the bronchii are membranous and cause sound when caused to flutter
formed by the terminal part of the trachea and the beginning of the primary bronchi

59
Q

Where are the avian lungs located?

A

dorsal in the body cavity

60
Q

Describe the avian lungs

A

roughly quadrilateral
relatively small
inelastic and non-expansible

61
Q

Describe the primary bronchus in birds

A

enters the lung
continuous with the abdominal air sac

62
Q

Describe the secondary bronchii in birds

A

named according to the general area of the lung they supply
essential to the passage of air through the lungs

63
Q

Describe the parabronchi in birds

A

where gas exchange takes place
arise from the mediodorsal and medioventral secondary bronchi
form loops - make up 3/4 of the lung

64
Q

Describe the paleoplumo parabronchi

A

functional unit of gas exchange
anastomose with air capillaries, intertwine with blood capillaries

65
Q

What are air sacs? Describe them

A

blind, thin-walled enlargements of the bronchial system
extend beyond the lung
airflow is multidirectional

66
Q

Which air sacs are the largest?

A

abdominal sacs

67
Q

Which side of the avian female reproductive system develops? Which species are the exception?

A

left side
exception: birds of prey and kiwi bird

68
Q

Describe the avian ovary

A

resembles a truss of grapes of various sizes - several thousand follicles
yellow

69
Q

What is the function of the avian oviduct?

A

conducts fertilized ovum to the cloaca
add nutrients (albumin)
protection
conveys spermatozoa to the ovum for fertilization
storage of spermatozoa for later use

70
Q

What are the parts of the avian oviduct?

A

infundibulum
magnum
isthmus
uterus/shell gland

71
Q

How long does the ovum stay in the avian infundibulum?

A

15 minutes

72
Q

What occurs within the avian infundibulum?

A

chalaziferous layer is formed

73
Q

How long does the egg stay in the magnum for?

A

~3 hours

74
Q

What is unique about the magnum?

A

largest segment

75
Q

What occurs in the magnum?

A

deposits albumin, calcium, sodium and magnesium

76
Q

What is unique about the isthmus?

A

thinner than the magnum
most narrow part

77
Q

How long is the egg in the isthmus for?

A

~1 hour

78
Q

What occurs in the isthmus?

A

secretes more albumin
forms the homogenous membranes between albumin and the shell

79
Q

Describe the shell gland

A

uterus
thinner-walled, slightly enlarged chamber

80
Q

What occurs in the uterus of birds?

A

watery albumin is added
deposit shell, shell pigments and outer cuticle

81
Q

How long does the egg remain in the avian uterus?

A

~20 hours

82
Q

Describe the avian vagina

A

muscular
s-shaped

83
Q

How long does the egg stay in the avian vagina?

A

completed egg passes in seconds when laid

84
Q

Describe the testis of the avian species

A

paired, bean shapped, relatively small

85
Q

Where are the avian testis located?

A

located symmetrically against the cranial ends of the kidneys

86
Q

What is unique about the epididymidis of the avian species?

A

not divided into head, body and tail

87
Q

Describe the deferent duct of the avian species

A

arises from the caudal part of the epididymidis
accompanies the ureter
opens on a low papilla on the lateral wall of the urodeum

88
Q

Describe the avian phallus

A

located at the ventral lip of the vent
parts: lymphatic fold, lateral phallic fold, median phallic fold/tubercle, paracloacal vascular body

89
Q

Where are the avian kidneys located?

A

lodged in the renal foosae of the synsacrum and pelvic girdle
make contact eith the lung cranially

90
Q

What are the parts of the avian kidneys?

A

cranial, middle and caudal parts

91
Q

Does the avian urinary system have a renal pelvis, bladder or urethra?

A

no
ureters go straight from the kidneys to the dorsal wall of the urodeum

92
Q

Describe the blood supply to the avian kidneys

A

three renal arteries
one for each division of the kindey

93
Q

Describe the renal portal system of the avian species

A

cranial and cuadal renal portal veins
receive blood from the caudal body parts via external iliac vein

Large Animal Anatomy (30 decks)

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