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Large Animal Anatomy > Equine Hindlimb - Comparative Anatomy > Flashcards

Equine Hindlimb - Comparative Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Labrum Acetabulare

A

fibrocartilage lip on the rim of the acetabulum
deepens the acetabulum of the horse

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2
Q

Accessory ligament of the coxofemoral joint of the horse

A

extension of the prepubic tendon
passes through the acetabular notch to the end of the fovea capitis

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3
Q

What is the function of the accessory ligament in the hip joint of the equine species?

A

limits movement of the joint to extension and flexion

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4
Q

Describe the synovial sacs of the equine stifle and how they communicate with eachother, if at all

A

femoropatellar sac
lateral femorotibial sac
medial femorotibial sac

femoropatellar + medial femorotibial communicate in all horses

femoropatellar + lateral femorotibial comminicate in 25% of horses

NO communication between lateral and medial

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5
Q

How many patellar ligaments are present in the equine stifle?

A

three: medial, middle and lateral

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6
Q

Describe the relationship between the stifle and the hock in the horse

A

they move in synchrony

“stifle and hock are married”

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7
Q

Parapatellar fibrocartilage

A

present on the medial angle of the patella of the horse
plays a role in the patellar lock mechanism

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8
Q

Describe the Patellar Lock Mechanism

A

part of the stay apparatus of the equine hindlimb
muscular activity is virtually non-existent
medial trochlear ridge protrudes through the loop formed by the medial and middle patellar ligament, anf the patellar fibrocartilage
stifle is locked in extension

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9
Q

Describe the movement of the tarsocural joint in the equine hindlimb

A

responsible for the outward movement of the hock during flexion
trochlea assists in turning the stifle outward to avoid the thoracic wall

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10
Q

Which component articulations of the equine tarsal joint communicate?

A

tarsocural joint and proximal intertarsal joint
most moveable part fo the tarsal joint

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11
Q

What is the function of the long plantar ligament of the equine hindlimb?

A

anchors the plantar surface of 4th tarsal and IV metatarsal
stabilizes the calcaneus when under force

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12
Q

What is the cunean tendon in the equine hindlimb?

A

medial limb of the tendon of the cranial tibial muscle
inserts on tarsals 1 and 2
has the cunean bursa

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13
Q

Describe the calcanean bursa

A

subcutaneous part: between skin and SDFT
subtendinous part: between SDFT and calcanean tuberosity

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14
Q

Which tendon of the equine hindlimb is not covered by a tendon sheath?

A

only the SDFT

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15
Q

Describe the gluteal muscles of the equine species?

A

very well developed

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16
Q

What is unique about the superficial gluteals of the equine species?

A

the cranial and caudal parts of the superficial gluteals insert onto the third trochanter with a synovial bursa interposed between the tendon and third trochanter

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17
Q

Desribe the nature of the leg muscles of the horse

A

tendinous nature - aids in weight bearing with less muscular activity while also preventing overextension of the joints

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18
Q

Describe the perpneus tertious muscle in the horse

A

completely tendinous in horses

NOTE: absent in carnivores

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19
Q

What is the origin of the peroneus tertious muscle in the horse?

A

extensor fossa of the femur with the long digital extensor

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20
Q

What is the insertion of the peroneus tertious muscle in the horse?

A

divides distally and insets onto the tarsal bone and metatarsus

NOTE: only moves the hock

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21
Q

What feature of the equine cranial tibial muscle gives rise to the cunran tendon?

A

medial branch of the cranial tibial branch
stronger branch

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22
Q

What feature is unique to the stay apparatus of the equine hindlimb?

A

the reciprocal apparatus

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23
Q

Describe the reicprocal apparatus of the equine hindlimb

A

part of the stay apparatus limited to the hindlimb
allows the stifle andf hock to move in unicin

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24
Q

What are the components of the reciprocal appartatus?

A

peroneus tertus and superficial digital flexor

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25
Q

What are the main nerves of the equine hindlimb?

A

femoral, obturator, and sciatic

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26
Q

What are the main nerves of the distal aspect of the equine hindlimb?

A

tibial and common peroneal nerves come off of the sciatic nerve

27
Q

What nerve supples the craniolateral muscles of the equine hindlimb?

A

common peroneal nerve - branches to superficial and deep branches
continues on the dorsal surface of the digit as the medial and lateral dorsal digital nerves

28
Q

What nerve supplies the caudal group of muscles in the equine hindlimb?

A

tibial nerve - branches to medial and lateral plantar nerves with a communicating branch
lateral plantar nerve then branches to medial and lateral plantar metatarsal branches

29
Q

What is the main artery of the equine hindlimb?

A

femoral artery (a direct branch of the external iliac artery)

30
Q

What are the branches of the femoral artery in the equine hindlimb?

A

saphenous - superfically on medial and caudal aaspect
popliteal - name change at the caudal aspect of the stifle

31
Q

What are the branches of the saphenous artery in the equine hindlimb?

A

medial and lateral plantar arteries

32
Q

What are the branches of the popliteal artery in the equine hindlimb?

A

cranial tibial and caudal tibial arteries

33
Q

What arteries form the deep plantar arch of the equine hindlimb?

A

perforating tarsal artery (branch of the cranial tibial) and the branches of the medial and lateral plantar artery

34
Q

What does the deep plantar arch in the equine hindlimb give rise to?

A

gives rise to the medial and lateral plantar metatarsal arteries

35
Q

Describe the course of dorsal metatarsal artery III down the equine forlimb?

A

divides just proximal to the fetlock into medial and lateral plantar proper digital arteries
dorsal branches go to dorsal surfaced of proximal and middle phalanges

36
Q

What is the parent branch of the dorsal metatarsal artery III in the equine hindlimb?

A

branch of the cranial tibial artery

37
Q

How do the vessels of the equine hindlimb terminate?

A

terminate within the terminal arch in the third phalanx
same like the forelimb

38
Q

What comprises the equine foot?

A

foot = hoof + everything inside of it

39
Q

What are the topographical regions of the equine hoof wall?

A

toe, quaters, heels, bars

40
Q

Describe the thickness of the equine hoof wall

A

thickest at the toes and thins toward the heel

41
Q

Describe the hoof capsule of horses

A

skin derivative enclosing the third phalanx
no blood vessels or nerves

42
Q

What is another name for the coronet

A

coronary band

43
Q

What is the coronary band?

A

junction between the skin and hoof

44
Q

Describe the stratum externum

A

very thin outer most portion of the epidermis of the hoof

45
Q

Describe the wall substance of the equine hoof

A

tubules held together by amorphous intertubular horny material

46
Q

What are the parts of the stratum externum in the equine hoof?

A

periople: narrow band, soft rubbery horn, fluid reservior
stratum tectorium: impervious to water, parallel proximo-distal lines

47
Q

Describe the stratum medium of the epidermis of the equine hoof?

A

very thick
begins at the coronary groove
papillae
produced by coronary dermis
pigmented

48
Q

What makes up the stratum medium of the epidermis of the equine foot?

A

formed by tubules and intertubular horn

49
Q

Describe the stratum internum of the epidermis of the equine hoof?

A

non pigmented
made up of keratinzed primary laminae and non keratinized secondary laminae

50
Q

Stratum internum aka

A

epidermal laminae

51
Q

Describe epidermal laminae

A

insensitive laminae
form the laminae of the bar

52
Q

Describe the dermis of the equine foot

A

vascular and sensitive
attaches hoof wall to internal foot structures
provides the wall with nourishment

53
Q

Describe the sole of the equine hoof

A

fills the spce between the wall and frog
concave
softer than the wall horn

54
Q

What are the angles of the sole (equine hoof)

A

parts between bars and quaters

55
Q

What is the frog of the equine hoof?

A

plays a role in weight bearing and shock absorbing
located between the heels
wedge shaped

56
Q

What is the bulb of the heel in the equine hoof?

A

base of the frog as it continues proximally
separated by intratoric fossa

57
Q

Describe the digital cushion of the equine hoof

A

in young animals: wedge shaped, fibro-fatty composition
in adult animals: fibrocartilagenous wedge
lies abover crura of the frog

58
Q

Describe the periople dermis of the equine hoof

A

narrow, pale
produce horn of stratum externum

59
Q

Describe the coronary dermis of the equine hoof

A

thick, pigemented in the coronary groove
papillae
produces most of the hoof wall

60
Q

Describe the laminar dermis of the equine hoof

A

aka epidermal laminae
has primary and secondary laminae
colorless
provides a very strong connection between walls and bars

61
Q

Describe the sole dermis of the equine hoof

A

makes direct contact with the sole
attached to the under surface of the third phalanx

62
Q

Describe the frog dermis of the equine hoof

A

densely covered with plump papillae

63
Q

Describe the white line of the equine hoof

A

thin, soft, pale horn
junction of the hoof wall and sole

Large Animal Anatomy (30 decks)

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