Ruminant and Porcine Repro - Applied Anatomy Flashcards
What are pelivetry angles used for?
to evaluate the birth canal
What is the conjugate diameter of the pelvis?
distance from the sacral promontory to the pectin of the pubis
What is the vertical diameter of the pelvis?
distance between the ventral part of the sacrum/Cd1 and the pectin of the pubis
perpendicular to the pelvic floor
What is the diagonal conjugate diameter of the pelvis?
distance from the sacral promontory to the caudal end of the pelvic symphysis
What is the transverse diameter of the pelvis?
distance between the ilum, just dorsal to the acetabula
widest part
What is the pelvic inclination of the pelvis?
angle formed at the pelvic brim
cranioventral
Can the birth canal be palpated in the sow?
yes
rectal palpation is possible in large pigs per vaginal manipulation
What can occur if the pelvic diaphragm is damaged in ruminants?
rectal prolapse
What can occur if the urogenital diaphragm is damaged in ruminants?
vaginal or uterine prolapse
Why must we suture with caution when suturing the perineal body?
competing muscles dorsally and ventrally
Can the epididymis of the ruminant testis be palpated on physical examination?
yes
tail is large and prominent
head covers the dorsal 1/3 of the testis
What must be palpated during a breeding soundness exam of a male cow?
ALL accessory sex glands
What should be considered about the sigmoid flexure of the ruminant and porcine penis?
potential areas for caniculi to get stuck
also makes catheterization difficult
What clinical considerations are there when evaluating the apical ligament of the ruminant penis?
development may be exaggerated and may need to be transected
What clinical considerations are there when evaluating the urethral process of the small ruminant penis?
another spot that caniculi can get stuck in
may have to be amputated if massaging does not work
Why is the prepuce of the ruminant prone to injury?
it is long and drooping
Describe peristent frenulum in ruminants
internal lamina of the prepuce is attached to the free part of the penis
causes ventral deviation of the penis, preventing a full erection
heritable conidition
Describe penile hair raings in ruminants
around the glans
causes ischemic necrosis
What issues can be caused by the preputial diverticulum in the porcine?
smegma/canniculi accumulate here
can trap the penis
What is the fluid content of the preputial diverticulum of swine called?
pheromones (stinky)
How (and why) is the pudendal nerve blocked?
blocked to evaluate the penis
inject along the inner surface of the sacroiliac ligament or as it crosses the ischiatic arch
relaxes the reactor penis muscle and the penis itself
What structures of the ruminant ovary are paplated per rectum in order to stage estrus?
follicles and corpa leutea
What are the intercornual ligaments used for during rectal exams in ruminants?
create a small pocket that allows the placing of a finger in order to fix the uterus in place during rectal examination
What condition are cows predisposed to due to the uterus being dorsal to the broad ligament>
predisposes the gravid uterus to torsion
What makes the cervix of the ruminant species easy to identify on rectal palpation?
very firm
What allows for easier catheterization of ruminants for artificial insemination?
cervix opens during estrus
Is it easy to cathertize the sow for artificial insemination?
NO
presence of pulvini cervicales
Why is the peritoneal covering of the cranio-dorsal end of the vaginal a good spot for surgical access into the abdominal cavity (usually to operate on the ovary)?
avoids major vessels
What must be considered and covered when catheterizing the cow?
suburethral diverticulum of the uterus
Rectal palpation of which vessel is diagnostic of pregnancy in the ruminant?
uterine artery
increases in size during pregnancy - palpable pulsation from 3rd month onward
“whirrling, thrill, fremitus”
Which vessel in the female ruminant is most at risk during complicated calvings?
vaginal artery - prone to rupture
Can supernumery teats be removed?
yes
Extensive folds in the Rosette of Furstenburg results in
“hard milkers”
If the venous ring of Furstenburg is too prominent, what effect does this have on the outflow of milk?
make impede outflow
Which direction do heavy udders point? Why?
point ventro-laterally due to overstretching of the medial suspensory lamina
Name the nerve blocks of the udder
ring block
Farquharson
Magda
Lumbar/high epidural
Low/Caudal epidural
Where to inject for high epidural and which nerves are effected?
inj between L1 and L2
blocks T13-L2
Where to inject for low epidural and which nerves are effected?
inj between Co 1 and 2 or sacrocaudal space
blocks last 3 sacral nerves
Why do we never draw blood deom the milk vein?
prone to thrombophlebitis - blood vlots
Are the superificial injuinal lymph nodes palpable?
yes
