Ruminant and Porcine Repro - Applied Anatomy

Question 1

What are pelivetry angles used for?

Answer 1

to evaluate the birth canal

Question 2

What is the conjugate diameter of the pelvis?

Answer 2

distance from the sacral promontory to the pectin of the pubis

Question 3

What is the vertical diameter of the pelvis?

Answer 3

distance between the ventral part of the sacrum/Cd1 and the pectin of the pubis
perpendicular to the pelvic floor

Question 4

What is the diagonal conjugate diameter of the pelvis?

Answer 4

distance from the sacral promontory to the caudal end of the pelvic symphysis

Question 5

What is the transverse diameter of the pelvis?

Answer 5

distance between the ilum, just dorsal to the acetabula
widest part

Question 6

What is the pelvic inclination of the pelvis?

Answer 6

angle formed at the pelvic brim
cranioventral

Question 7

Can the birth canal be palpated in the sow?

Answer 7

yes
rectal palpation is possible in large pigs per vaginal manipulation

Question 8

What can occur if the pelvic diaphragm is damaged in ruminants?

Answer 8

rectal prolapse

Question 9

What can occur if the urogenital diaphragm is damaged in ruminants?

Answer 9

vaginal or uterine prolapse

Question 10

Why must we suture with caution when suturing the perineal body?

Answer 10

competing muscles dorsally and ventrally

Question 11

Can the epididymis of the ruminant testis be palpated on physical examination?

Answer 11

yes
tail is large and prominent
head covers the dorsal 1/3 of the testis

Question 12

What must be palpated during a breeding soundness exam of a male cow?

Answer 12

ALL accessory sex glands

Question 13

What should be considered about the sigmoid flexure of the ruminant and porcine penis?

Answer 13

potential areas for caniculi to get stuck
also makes catheterization difficult

Question 14

What clinical considerations are there when evaluating the apical ligament of the ruminant penis?

Answer 14

development may be exaggerated and may need to be transected

Question 15

What clinical considerations are there when evaluating the urethral process of the small ruminant penis?

Answer 15

another spot that caniculi can get stuck in
may have to be amputated if massaging does not work

Question 16

Why is the prepuce of the ruminant prone to injury?

Answer 16

it is long and drooping

Question 17

Describe peristent frenulum in ruminants

Answer 17

internal lamina of the prepuce is attached to the free part of the penis
causes ventral deviation of the penis, preventing a full erection
heritable conidition

Question 18

Describe penile hair raings in ruminants

Answer 18

around the glans
causes ischemic necrosis

Question 19

What issues can be caused by the preputial diverticulum in the porcine?

Answer 19

smegma/canniculi accumulate here
can trap the penis

Question 20

What is the fluid content of the preputial diverticulum of swine called?

Answer 20

pheromones (stinky)

Question 21

How (and why) is the pudendal nerve blocked?

Answer 21

blocked to evaluate the penis
inject along the inner surface of the sacroiliac ligament or as it crosses the ischiatic arch
relaxes the reactor penis muscle and the penis itself

Question 22

What structures of the ruminant ovary are paplated per rectum in order to stage estrus?

Answer 22

follicles and corpa leutea

Question 23

What are the intercornual ligaments used for during rectal exams in ruminants?

Answer 23

create a small pocket that allows the placing of a finger in order to fix the uterus in place during rectal examination

Question 24

What condition are cows predisposed to due to the uterus being dorsal to the broad ligament>

Answer 24

predisposes the gravid uterus to torsion

Question 25

What makes the cervix of the ruminant species easy to identify on rectal palpation?

Answer 25

very firm

Question 26

What allows for easier catheterization of ruminants for artificial insemination?

Answer 26

cervix opens during estrus

Question 27

Is it easy to cathertize the sow for artificial insemination?

Answer 27

NO
presence of pulvini cervicales

Question 28

Why is the peritoneal covering of the cranio-dorsal end of the vaginal a good spot for surgical access into the abdominal cavity (usually to operate on the ovary)?

Answer 28

avoids major vessels

Question 29

What must be considered and covered when catheterizing the cow?

Answer 29

suburethral diverticulum of the uterus

Question 30

Rectal palpation of which vessel is diagnostic of pregnancy in the ruminant?

Answer 30

uterine artery
increases in size during pregnancy - palpable pulsation from 3rd month onward
“whirrling, thrill, fremitus”

Question 31

Which vessel in the female ruminant is most at risk during complicated calvings?

Answer 31

vaginal artery - prone to rupture

Question 32

Can supernumery teats be removed?

Answer 32

yes

Question 33

Extensive folds in the Rosette of Furstenburg results in

Answer 33

“hard milkers”

Question 34

If the venous ring of Furstenburg is too prominent, what effect does this have on the outflow of milk?

Answer 34

make impede outflow

Question 35

Which direction do heavy udders point? Why?

Answer 35

point ventro-laterally due to overstretching of the medial suspensory lamina

Question 36

Name the nerve blocks of the udder

Answer 36

ring block
Farquharson
Magda
Lumbar/high epidural
Low/Caudal epidural

Question 37

Where to inject for high epidural and which nerves are effected?

Answer 37

inj between L1 and L2
blocks T13-L2

Question 38

Where to inject for low epidural and which nerves are effected?

Answer 38

inj between Co 1 and 2 or sacrocaudal space
blocks last 3 sacral nerves

Question 39

Why do we never draw blood deom the milk vein?

Answer 39

prone to thrombophlebitis - blood vlots

Question 40

Are the superificial injuinal lymph nodes palpable?

Answer 40

yes