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biology: human anatomy mortuary science > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

Basic functions of ____

  • Supplies body with oxygen
  • disposes of carbon dioxide
A

Respiratory System

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2
Q

4 processes involved in respiration

A
  1. pulmonary ventilation
  2. external respiration
  3. transport of respiratory gases
  4. internal respiration
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3
Q

Functional anatomy of respiratory system

A

nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses.
pharynx, larynx, and trachea.
bronchi and smaller branches.
lungs and alveoli

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4
Q

Divisions of respiratory system.

A
  1. Conducting zone

2. respiratory zone

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5
Q
  • respiratory passageways that convey air

- filter, humidify, and warm incoming air

A

conducting zone of the respiratory system

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6
Q
  • site of gas exchange in the lungs

- includes structures that have alveoli

A

respiratory zone of the respiratory system

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7
Q
  • Provides an airway for respiration
  • moistens and warms air
  • filters inhaled air
  • resonating chamber for speech
  • houses olfactory receptors
  • size variation due to differences in nasal cartilages
  • skin of nose is thin and contains many sebaceous glands
A

the Nose

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8
Q
  • External nares- nostrils
  • divided by nasal septum
  • continuous with nasopharynx
A

nasal cavity

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9
Q

posterior nasal apertures

A

choanae (cho-a-ne)

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10
Q

two types of mucous membrane

A
  1. olfactory mucosa

2. respiratory mucosa

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11
Q
  • near roof of nasal cavity

- houses olfactory (smell) receptors

A

olfactory mucosa

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12
Q
  • lines nasal cavity

- epithelium is pseudo stratified ciliated columnar

A

respiratory mucosa

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13
Q

3 divisions of nasal conchae

A

superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae

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14
Q

-Part of the ethmoid bone

A

Superior and middle nasal conchae

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15
Q
  • separate bone

- projects medially from the literal wall of the nasal cavity

A

inferior nasal conchae

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16
Q
  • Particulate matter
  • -deflected to mucus-coated surfaces
  • during inhalation
  • -filter, heat, and moisten incoming air
  • during exhalation
  • -moisture and heat are reclaimed
A

nasal conchae

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17
Q

Located with;
frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid bones.
-sinuses open into nasal cavity

A

paranasal sinuses

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18
Q

-funnel shaped passageway
-connects nasal cavity and mouth
-divided into 3 sections by location:
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
-type of mucosal lining changes along its length

A

the Pharynx

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19
Q
  • superior to the point where food enters
  • only an air passageway
  • closed off during swalling
  • -uvula (reflects superiorly)
  • -pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
  • -pharyngotympanic tube(auditory tube)
  • tubual tonsil
A

the nasopharynx

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20
Q

inferior to the nasal cavity and superior to the pharynx

A

uvula

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21
Q
  • located on posterior wall of the pharynx
  • destroys entering pathogens
  • contains opening to pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube)
A

pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)

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22
Q

-provides some protection from infection from pharynx

A

tubal tonsil

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23
Q
  • Archlike entranceway - fauces
  • Extends from soft palate to the epiglottis
  • epithelium
  • stratified squamous epithelium
A

The oropharynx

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24
Q

-2 types of tonsils located in the oropharynx

A
  1. Palatine Tonsils

2. Lingual Tonsils

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25
Q

Located in the lateral walls of the fauces of the oropharynx

A

Palatine Tonsils

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26
Q

Cover the posterior surface of the tongue in the oropharynx

A

Lingual tonsils

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27
Q

Passageway for both food and air

  • epithelium
  • -stratified squamous epithelium
  • Continuous with the esophagus and larynx
  • Extends to inferior boundary of cricoid cartilage
A

The laryngopharynx

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28
Q
  • Extends from the 4th to 6th cervical vertebrae
  • Attaches to hyoid bone superiorly
  • opens into laryngopharynx
  • inferiorly is continuous with the trachea
A

the larynx

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29
Q

3 functions of the larynx

A
  1. Voice production
  2. Provides an open airway
  3. routes air and food into the proper channels
    (closed during swallowing; open during breathing)
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30
Q

9 cartilages of the larynx

A
  1. thyroid cartilage (shield shaped, forms laryngeal prominence)
  2. Arytenoid cartilage
  3. corniculate cartilage
  4. cuneiform cartilage
  5. tracheal cartilages (4)
  6. cricoid cartilage
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31
Q
  • also called windpipe.
  • Descends into the mediastinum
  • C shaped cartilage rings keep airway open
  • trachealis
A

The trachea

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32
Q

Located between open ends of C-shaped cartilage rings along length of posterior trachea

A

Trachealis

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33
Q

Marks where trachea divides into 2 primary bronchi

  • epithelium
  • -pseudostratified ciliated columnar
A

Carina of the trachea

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34
Q
  • Extensively branching respiratory passageways

- Consist of Primary and right main bronchi’s

A

Bronchial tree

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35
Q

Largest bronchi

A

Primary bronchi (main bronchi)

36
Q

Wider and shorter than the left bronchi

A

Right main bronchi

37
Q

Three bronchi’s on the right and two on the left

A

Secondary (lobar) bronchi

38
Q

Branched bronchi’s into each lung segment

A

Tertiary (segmental) bronchi

39
Q

Little bronchi, less than 1 mm in diameter

A

Bronchioles

40
Q

Bronchis Less than .5mm in diameter

A

Terminal bronchioles

41
Q

Features of alveoli

  • surrounded by elastic fibers
  • interconnect by way of alveolar pores
  • internal surfaces
  • -a site for free movement of alveolar macrophages
A

The respiratory zone

42
Q
  • Apex
  • Base
  • Hilum
  • Root

of the lungs

A

major landmarks of the lungs

43
Q

superior tip of the lung

A

apex

44
Q

concave inferior surface

A

base

45
Q

indentation on mediastinal surface

-is the region where blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves enter and exit the lung

A

Hilum

46
Q

The structures that enter and leave the lung at the hilum

-Blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves

A

Root

47
Q
  • Superior and inferior lobes
  • Fissure-oblique
  • Cardiac notch- the depression that accommodates the heart
A

Left lung anatomy

48
Q

Superior, middle, and inferior lobes

-Fissures-oblique and horizontal

A

right lung anatomy

49
Q

-Deliever oxygen-poor blood to the lungs

A

Pulmonary arteries

50
Q

Carry oxygenated blood to the heart

  • innveration (supply nerves to)
  • sympathetic, paras,pathetic, and visceral sensory fibers
A

Pulmonary veins

51
Q

constrict airways

A

parasympathetic

52
Q

dilate airways

A

sympathetic

53
Q

2 phase of pulmonary ventilation

A
  1. inspiration- inhalation

2. expiration- exhalation

54
Q
  • Volume of thoracic cavity increases
  • Decreases internal gas pressure
  • action of the diaphragm
  • -diaphragm flattens
  • Action of intercostal muscles
  • -contraction raises the ribs
A

Inspiration

55
Q
  • Requires
  • scalenes
  • sternocleidomastoid
  • pectoralis minor
  • erector spinal - extends the back
A

Deep inspiration

56
Q
  • Quiet ____ - chiefly a passives process
  • inspiratory muscles relax
  • diaphragm moves superiorly
  • volume of thoracic cavity decreases
  • Forced _____ - an active process
  • produced by contraction of
  • internal and external oblique muscles
  • transverses abdominis muscle
A

Expiration

57
Q
  • a type of allergic inflammation
  • -hypersensivity to irritants in the air or to stress
  • Attacks characterized by
  • contraction of bronchiole smooth muscle
  • secretion of mucus in airways
A

bronchial asthma

58
Q
  • inherited disease
  • exocrine gland function is disrupted
  • respiratory system affected by
  • oversecretion of viscous mucus
A

Cystic fibrosis

59
Q
  • Airflow into and out of the lungs is difficult
  • obstructive emphysema
  • chronic bronchitis
  • history of smoking
A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

60
Q

the physical act of breathing.

-mostly involuntary act but can be consciously controlled.

A

Breathing

61
Q

Process by which the body exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide.
-oxygen is used during metabolism and then CD is generated.

A

Respiration

62
Q

Exchange of oxygen for CO2 in the lungs at the capillary beds.

A

external respiration

63
Q

oxygen is given up to cells in the body and carbon dioxide is picked up.

A

internal respiration

64
Q
  1. Nose
  2. Pharynx
  3. larynx
  4. trachea
  5. bronchi
  6. lungs
A

6 distinct parts of the respiratory system

65
Q

Holes of your nose

A

anterior nares

66
Q

made up of facial and cranial bones; nasal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, and vomer bones

A

nasal cavity

67
Q

nearly closed holes in the bones.

-collectively called “paranasal sinuses”

A

Sinuses

68
Q

filter, humidify and regulate the temperature of inspired air.

A

Mucous membranes

69
Q

open canals connecting the pharynx to the inner ear.

A

eustachian tubes

70
Q

leaf shaped structure that acts as a trapdoor to cover the larynx. forced down by the tongue swallowing

A

epiglottis

71
Q

entrance to the larynx. diameter is about 1 inch.

A

glottis

72
Q

pieces of cartilage that narrow the space

A

false vocal cords

73
Q

bands of ligament like elastic tissue that restrict the space even more . Aid in production of sound

A

True vocal cords

74
Q

the opening between the cords

A

rima glottis

75
Q

attachment of the true vocal cords

A

Adams apple

76
Q

inserting a breathing tube in between the cartilage rings to allow breathing through a blockage

A

tracheotomy

77
Q

globe like sacs that are the site of external respiration. Looks like grapes on a vine

A

alveoli

78
Q

millions of alveolar sacs held together with an epithelial membrane. Right is larger and contains 3 lobes. Left has 2 lobes and the cardiac notch.

A

Lungs

79
Q

Name of the membranes that hold the shape of the lungs

A

pleura

80
Q

surrounds and defines the shape of each individual lung

A

visceral pleura

81
Q

surrounds the whole cavity that holds the lung

A

parietal pleura

82
Q

media indentation in the left lung where the heart lies

A

cardiac notch

83
Q

Disease that affect about 7% of adults and 10% of kids and is increasing in frequency. Type of allergic inflammatory response that occurs in people who are hypersensitive to irritants in the air or to stress. Constricts airways and the T-cells that arise then excrete more inflammatory chemicals that damage the mucosal lining.

A

Bronchial asthma

84
Q

Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells that look like fish scales. Also called epidermoid carcinoma

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

85
Q

Cancer that may begin in several types of large cells

A

large cell carcinoma

86
Q

cancer that begins in the cells that line the alveoli and make substances such as mucus

A

adenocarcinoma

biology: human anatomy mortuary science (23 decks)

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