Respiratory System Flashcards
Basic functions of ____
- Supplies body with oxygen
- disposes of carbon dioxide
Respiratory System
4 processes involved in respiration
- pulmonary ventilation
- external respiration
- transport of respiratory gases
- internal respiration
Functional anatomy of respiratory system
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses.
pharynx, larynx, and trachea.
bronchi and smaller branches.
lungs and alveoli
Divisions of respiratory system.
- Conducting zone
2. respiratory zone
- respiratory passageways that convey air
- filter, humidify, and warm incoming air
conducting zone of the respiratory system
- site of gas exchange in the lungs
- includes structures that have alveoli
respiratory zone of the respiratory system
- Provides an airway for respiration
- moistens and warms air
- filters inhaled air
- resonating chamber for speech
- houses olfactory receptors
- size variation due to differences in nasal cartilages
- skin of nose is thin and contains many sebaceous glands
the Nose
- External nares- nostrils
- divided by nasal septum
- continuous with nasopharynx
nasal cavity
posterior nasal apertures
choanae (cho-a-ne)
two types of mucous membrane
- olfactory mucosa
2. respiratory mucosa
- near roof of nasal cavity
- houses olfactory (smell) receptors
olfactory mucosa
- lines nasal cavity
- epithelium is pseudo stratified ciliated columnar
respiratory mucosa
3 divisions of nasal conchae
superior, middle and inferior nasal conchae
-Part of the ethmoid bone
Superior and middle nasal conchae
- separate bone
- projects medially from the literal wall of the nasal cavity
inferior nasal conchae
- Particulate matter
- -deflected to mucus-coated surfaces
- during inhalation
- -filter, heat, and moisten incoming air
- during exhalation
- -moisture and heat are reclaimed
nasal conchae
Located with;
frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid bones.
-sinuses open into nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
-funnel shaped passageway
-connects nasal cavity and mouth
-divided into 3 sections by location:
nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
-type of mucosal lining changes along its length
the Pharynx
- superior to the point where food enters
- only an air passageway
- closed off during swalling
- -uvula (reflects superiorly)
- -pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
- -pharyngotympanic tube(auditory tube)
- tubual tonsil
the nasopharynx
inferior to the nasal cavity and superior to the pharynx
uvula
- located on posterior wall of the pharynx
- destroys entering pathogens
- contains opening to pharyngotympanic tube (auditory tube)
pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids)
-provides some protection from infection from pharynx
tubal tonsil
- Archlike entranceway - fauces
- Extends from soft palate to the epiglottis
- epithelium
- stratified squamous epithelium
The oropharynx
-2 types of tonsils located in the oropharynx
- Palatine Tonsils
2. Lingual Tonsils
Located in the lateral walls of the fauces of the oropharynx
Palatine Tonsils
Cover the posterior surface of the tongue in the oropharynx
Lingual tonsils
Passageway for both food and air
- epithelium
- -stratified squamous epithelium
- Continuous with the esophagus and larynx
- Extends to inferior boundary of cricoid cartilage
The laryngopharynx
- Extends from the 4th to 6th cervical vertebrae
- Attaches to hyoid bone superiorly
- opens into laryngopharynx
- inferiorly is continuous with the trachea
the larynx
3 functions of the larynx
- Voice production
- Provides an open airway
- routes air and food into the proper channels
(closed during swallowing; open during breathing)
9 cartilages of the larynx
- thyroid cartilage (shield shaped, forms laryngeal prominence)
- Arytenoid cartilage
- corniculate cartilage
- cuneiform cartilage
- tracheal cartilages (4)
- cricoid cartilage
- also called windpipe.
- Descends into the mediastinum
- C shaped cartilage rings keep airway open
- trachealis
The trachea
Located between open ends of C-shaped cartilage rings along length of posterior trachea
Trachealis
Marks where trachea divides into 2 primary bronchi
- epithelium
- -pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Carina of the trachea
- Extensively branching respiratory passageways
- Consist of Primary and right main bronchi’s
Bronchial tree
Largest bronchi
Primary bronchi (main bronchi)
Wider and shorter than the left bronchi
Right main bronchi
Three bronchi’s on the right and two on the left
Secondary (lobar) bronchi
Branched bronchi’s into each lung segment
Tertiary (segmental) bronchi
Little bronchi, less than 1 mm in diameter
Bronchioles
Bronchis Less than .5mm in diameter
Terminal bronchioles
Features of alveoli
- surrounded by elastic fibers
- interconnect by way of alveolar pores
- internal surfaces
- -a site for free movement of alveolar macrophages
The respiratory zone
- Apex
- Base
- Hilum
- Root
of the lungs
major landmarks of the lungs
superior tip of the lung
apex
concave inferior surface
base
indentation on mediastinal surface
-is the region where blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves enter and exit the lung
Hilum
The structures that enter and leave the lung at the hilum
-Blood vessels, bronchi, and nerves
Root
- Superior and inferior lobes
- Fissure-oblique
- Cardiac notch- the depression that accommodates the heart
Left lung anatomy
Superior, middle, and inferior lobes
-Fissures-oblique and horizontal
right lung anatomy
-Deliever oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
Pulmonary arteries
Carry oxygenated blood to the heart
- innveration (supply nerves to)
- sympathetic, paras,pathetic, and visceral sensory fibers
Pulmonary veins
constrict airways
parasympathetic
dilate airways
sympathetic
2 phase of pulmonary ventilation
- inspiration- inhalation
2. expiration- exhalation
- Volume of thoracic cavity increases
- Decreases internal gas pressure
- action of the diaphragm
- -diaphragm flattens
- Action of intercostal muscles
- -contraction raises the ribs
Inspiration
- Requires
- scalenes
- sternocleidomastoid
- pectoralis minor
- erector spinal - extends the back
Deep inspiration
- Quiet ____ - chiefly a passives process
- inspiratory muscles relax
- diaphragm moves superiorly
- volume of thoracic cavity decreases
- Forced _____ - an active process
- produced by contraction of
- internal and external oblique muscles
- transverses abdominis muscle
Expiration
- a type of allergic inflammation
- -hypersensivity to irritants in the air or to stress
- Attacks characterized by
- contraction of bronchiole smooth muscle
- secretion of mucus in airways
bronchial asthma
- inherited disease
- exocrine gland function is disrupted
- respiratory system affected by
- oversecretion of viscous mucus
Cystic fibrosis
- Airflow into and out of the lungs is difficult
- obstructive emphysema
- chronic bronchitis
- history of smoking
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
the physical act of breathing.
-mostly involuntary act but can be consciously controlled.
Breathing
Process by which the body exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide.
-oxygen is used during metabolism and then CD is generated.
Respiration
Exchange of oxygen for CO2 in the lungs at the capillary beds.
external respiration
oxygen is given up to cells in the body and carbon dioxide is picked up.
internal respiration
- Nose
- Pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchi
- lungs
6 distinct parts of the respiratory system
Holes of your nose
anterior nares
made up of facial and cranial bones; nasal, maxillary, ethmoid, sphenoid, and vomer bones
nasal cavity
nearly closed holes in the bones.
-collectively called “paranasal sinuses”
Sinuses
filter, humidify and regulate the temperature of inspired air.
Mucous membranes
open canals connecting the pharynx to the inner ear.
eustachian tubes
leaf shaped structure that acts as a trapdoor to cover the larynx. forced down by the tongue swallowing
epiglottis
entrance to the larynx. diameter is about 1 inch.
glottis
pieces of cartilage that narrow the space
false vocal cords
bands of ligament like elastic tissue that restrict the space even more . Aid in production of sound
True vocal cords
the opening between the cords
rima glottis
attachment of the true vocal cords
Adams apple
inserting a breathing tube in between the cartilage rings to allow breathing through a blockage
tracheotomy
globe like sacs that are the site of external respiration. Looks like grapes on a vine
alveoli
millions of alveolar sacs held together with an epithelial membrane. Right is larger and contains 3 lobes. Left has 2 lobes and the cardiac notch.
Lungs
Name of the membranes that hold the shape of the lungs
pleura
surrounds and defines the shape of each individual lung
visceral pleura
surrounds the whole cavity that holds the lung
parietal pleura
media indentation in the left lung where the heart lies
cardiac notch
Disease that affect about 7% of adults and 10% of kids and is increasing in frequency. Type of allergic inflammatory response that occurs in people who are hypersensitive to irritants in the air or to stress. Constricts airways and the T-cells that arise then excrete more inflammatory chemicals that damage the mucosal lining.
Bronchial asthma
Cancer that begins in squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells that look like fish scales. Also called epidermoid carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Cancer that may begin in several types of large cells
large cell carcinoma
cancer that begins in the cells that line the alveoli and make substances such as mucus
adenocarcinoma
