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biology: human anatomy mortuary science > lecture 3 ; cell structure, function, organelle and mitosis > Flashcards

lecture 3 ; cell structure, function, organelle and mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q
  • smallest living unit in the body
  • obtain nutrients
  • makes molecules needed to survive
  • dispose of wastes
  • maintain shape of cell
  • replicate (mitosis)

without energy; all of that stops

A

cells

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2
Q

cells organized into 3 areas

A
  1. plasma membrane
  2. cytoplasm
  3. nucleus
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3
Q
  • outer boundary
  • separates the intracellular fluid within cell form extracellular fluid outside and between cells
  • transport substances across the membrane
  • fluid mosaic model (lipid bilayer)
A

plasma membrane

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4
Q

4 methods of membrane transport

A
  1. simple diffusion
  2. osmosis
  3. facilitated diffusion
  4. active transport
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5
Q
  • contains most organelles
  • lies internal to plasma membrane
  • consists of cytosol, organelles and inclusions
A

cytoplasm

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6
Q

controls cellular activities

A

nucleus

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7
Q
  • subunits of cells with specific function
  • most cells contain the same basic organelles
  • not all cells have all organelles in the same abundance
A

organelles

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8
Q

relate to location at the interface of cell’s exterior and interior

  • provides barrier against substances outside cell
  • some plasma membranes act as receptors
  • determines which substances enter or leave the cell
  • membrane is selectively permeable
A

functions of the plasma membrane

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9
Q

tendency of molecules to move down their concentration gradient

A

simple diffusion

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10
Q

diffusion of water molecules across a membrane

A

osmosis

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11
Q

movement of molecules down their concentration gradient through an integral protein

A

facilitated diffusion

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12
Q

integral proteins move molecules across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient

A

active transport

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13
Q

mechanism by which particles enter cells

A

endocytosis

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14
Q

cell eating

A

phagocytosis

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15
Q

cell drinking

A

pinocytosis

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16
Q
  • plasma proteins bind to certain molecules
  • invaginates and forms a coated pit
  • pinches off to become a coasted vesicle
  • this is the method by which insulin, other hormones, enzymes and low density lipoproteins enter cells
A

receptor- mediated endocytosis

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17
Q

a mechanism that moves substances out of the cell

  • substance is enclosed in a vesicle
  • vesicle migrates to the plasma membrane
A

exocytosis

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18
Q
  • jelly like fluid in which other cellular elements are suspended
  • consists of water, ions, and enzymes
A

cytosol

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19
Q

constructed of proteins and ribosomal RNA; not surrounded by a membrane

  • site of protein synthesis
  • assembly of proteins called translation
  • are the “assembly line” of the manufacturing plant
  • attahed to ER
A

ribosome

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20
Q

system of membrane walled envelopes and tubes throughout cytoplasm

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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21
Q

ribosomes stud the external surfaces

A

rough Er

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22
Q

consists of tubules in a branching network

-no ribosomes attached; therefore no protein synthesis

A

smooth er

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23
Q

stack of 3 to 10 disc-shaped envelopes

  • sorts products of er and sends them to proper destination
  • products of rough er move through the ____ from the convex to the concave side
  • “packaging and shipping” division of the manufacturing plant
A

Golgi apparatus

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24
Q

membrane walled sacs containing digestive enzymes

  • digest unwanted substances
  • are the cells “demolition crew”
A

lysosomes

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25
Q

surrounded by double walled membrane

  • generate most of the cells energy
  • “power plant” of the cell
  • release energy stored in chemical bonds and transfer energy to produce atp
  • cells with high energy requirements have more
  • most complex organelle
A

mitochondria

26
Q

membrane walled sacs of oxidase enzymes

  • enzymes neutralize free radicals and break down poisons
  • break down long chains of fatty acids
  • numerous in the liver and kidneys
  • “toxic waste removal system”
A

peroxisomes

27
Q 
"cell skeleton" an elaborate network of rods
contains 3 types of rods:
1. microtubules
2. microfilaments
3. intermediate filaments
A

cytoskeleton

28
Q

cylindrical structures made of proteins

A

microtubules

29
Q

filaments of contractile protein actin

A

microfilaments

30
Q

protein fibers

A

intermediate filaments

31
Q
  • a spherical structure in the cytoplasm

- composed of centrosome matrix and centrioles

A

centrosome

32
Q

paired cylindrical bodies

  • consist of 27 short microtubules
  • act in forming cilia
  • necessary for karyokinesis
A

centrioles

33
Q

found in liver cell and fat cells

A

lipid droplets

34
Q

store sugar in the form of glycogen

A

glycosomes

35
Q
  • control center of the cell
  • dna directs the cells activities
  • provides instructions for protein synthesis
  • nucleus is approximate 5 um in diameter
A

nucleus

36
Q

two parallel membranes separated by fluid-filled space

  • nuclear pores penetrate the nuclear envelope
  • pores allow large molecules to pass in and out of the nucleus
A

nuclear envelope

37
Q
  • “little nucleus” in the center of the nucleus
  • contains parts of several chromosomes
  • site of ribosome subunit assembly
A

nucleolus

38
Q

DNA double helix is composed of 4 subunits

A

Thymine, adenine, cytosine and guanine

39
Q

dna plus protein molecules form

A

chromatin

40
Q

each cluster of dna and histone proteins is a

A

nucleosome

41
Q

active region of dna where dan’s genetic code is copied onto mRNA in transcription

A

extended chromatin

42
Q
  • tightly coiled nucleosomes

- inactive form of chromatin

A

condensed chromatin

43
Q

highest level of organization of chromatin

  • contains a long molecule of DNA
  • typical human cells contains 46 chromosomes
A

chromosomes

44
Q

series of changes a cell undergoes

A

cell life cycle

45
Q

Cell life cycles

A
  1. interphase g1
  2. S phase
  3. G2 phase
  4. mitosis
  5. cytokinesis
  6. prophase
  7. metaphase
  8. anaphase
  9. telophase
  10. cytokinesis
46
Q

G1 phase

  • first part
  • cell metabolically active
  • -makes protein and grows rapidly
  • variable in length from hours to years
  • centrioles begin to replicated near the end of G1
A

interphase

47
Q

DNA replicates itself

-ensures that daughter cells receive identical copies of the genetic material

A

S (synthetic) phase

48
Q

Growth 2

  • centrioles finish coping themselves
  • enzymes needed for cell division are synthesized in G2

-During these phases cell carries on normal activities

A

G2 phase

49
Q

cells divide during the stage

-follows interphase (g1, s and G2)

A

M (mitotic) phase

50
Q

division of the nucleus during cell division

-chromosomes are distributed to the two daughter nuclei

A

mitosis

51
Q

division of the cytoplasm

-occurs after the nucleus divides

A

cytokinesis

52
Q

first and longest stage of mitosis

  • early ___ ; chromatin threads condense into chromosomes
  • chromosomes are made up of 2 threads called chromatids
  • chromatids are held together by centromere
  • certriole pairs separate from one another
  • the mitotic spindle forms
A

prophase

53
Q

chromosomes are made up of 2 threads

A

chromatids

54
Q

chromatids are held together by

A

centromere

55
Q

centrioles continue moving away from each other

-nuclear membrane fragments

A

late prophase

56
Q

second stage of mitosis

  • chromosomes cluster at the middle of the cells
  • centromeres are aligned along the equator
A

metaphase

57
Q

the 3rd and shortest stage of mitosis

-centromeres of chromosomes split

A

anaphase

58
Q

begins as chromosomal movement stops

  • chromosomes at opposite poles of the cell uncoil
  • resume threadlike extended- chromatin form
  • a new nuclear membrane forms
A

telophase

59
Q

completes the division of the cell into 2 daughter cells

A

cytokinesis

60
Q

they are temporary structures in the cell. can contain energy in the form of glycogen or lipids

A

inclusions

61
Q

proteins or minerals

A

crystals

62
Q

hemoglobin or melanin

A

pigments

biology: human anatomy mortuary science (23 decks)

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