lecture 18 blood

Question 1

circulatory system divided into 2 parts

Answer 1

1. cardiovascular

2. lymphatic systems

Question 2

transport mechanism for nutrients, signaling molecules, respiratory gases, and waste products

Answer 2

blood

Question 3

• oxygen and nutrients diffuse across capillary walls to body tissues
• transports hormones from endocrine glands
• conveys cells of immune system
• regulates body temperature

Answer 3

powered by pumping action of the heart

Question 4

• portion of blood composed of leukocytes and platelets

- present at junction of plasma and RBC’s

Answer 4

Buffy coat

Question 5

the measure of % of RBC.

• males 47%
• females 42%

Answer 5

hematocrit

Question 6

• straw colored, sticky fluid portion of blood
• approximately 90% water
• contains over 100 kinds of molecules

Answer 6

blood plasma

Question 7

3 main proteins of blood plasma

Answer 7

1. albumin
2. globulins
3. fibrinogen

Question 8

prevents water from diffusing out of blood vessels

Answer 8

albumin

Question 9

includes antibodies and blood proteins that transport lipids, iron and copper

Answer 9

globulins

Question 10

one of the molecules involved in chemical reactions for blood clotting

Answer 10

fibrinogen

Question 11

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Answer 11

blood cells

Question 12

staining of blood cells

Answer 12

eosin and methylene blue

Question 13

acidic dye ; stains pink

Answer 13

eosin

Question 14

basic dye ; stains blue and purple

Answer 14

methylene blue

Question 15

• oxygen transporting cells 7.5nm
• most numerous of formed elements
• females 4.3-5.2 million cells
• males 5.2-5.8 million cells
• no organelles or nuclei
• ideal measuring tool for estimating sizes of nearby structures
• packed with oxygen carrying hemoglobin
• oxidation of iron atoms of hemoglobin molecules
• -gives blood its red color

Answer 15

erythrocytes

Question 16

• 4800-11000 cubic mm
• protect body from infectious microorganisms
• function outside the bloodstream in loose connective tissue
• diapedesis
• originate in bone marrow

Answer 16

leukocytes

Question 17

circulating leukocytes leave the capillaries

Answer 17

diapedesis

Question 18

two types of leukocytes

Answer 18

1. granulocytes

2. agranulocytes

Question 19

“never let monkeys eat bananas”

Answer 19

neutrophils, lymphocytes , monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

Question 20

• most numerous abc- granules pick up acidic and basic stains
• nucleus 2-6 lobes
• attracted by bacterial products and are first line of defense in inflammatory response
• phagocytize and destroy bacteria
• multilobed nucleus ; pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules

Answer 20

neutrophils

Question 21

• represent 1-4% of WBC
• granuales are large and stain red
• plays role in ending allergic reactions by phagocytizing allergens
• secrete enzymes that degrade histamines
• bilobed nucleus ; red cytoplasmic granules

Answer 21

eosinphils

Question 22

0. 5% of all leukocytes
   - nucleus ; 2 lobes
   - granules secrete histamines
   - function in inflammation mediation
   - similiar in function to mast cells
   - direct later stages of inflammation in allergies and parasitic infections
   - bilobed nucleus; purplish- black cytoplasmic granules

Answer 22

basophils

Question 23

comprise 20-45% of WBC

• most important cells of the immune system
• nucleus ; stains dark purple
• effective in fighting infectious organisms
• act against a specific foreign molecule
• large spherical nucleus ; thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm

Answer 23

lymphocytes ; agranulocytes

Question 24

two main classes of lymphocyte

Answer 24

T cells and B cells

Question 25

attack foreign cells directly

Answer 25

T cells

Question 26

multiply to become plasma cells

-secrete antibodies

Answer 26

b cells

Question 27

-composed of 4-8% of WBC
-nucleus ; kidney shaped
transform into macrophages
–phagocytic cells
abundant pale blue cyto

Answer 27

monocytes

Question 28

process by which blood cells are formed in red marrow

-100billion new blood cells formed each day

Answer 28

hematopoiesis

Question 29

actively generates new blood cells

• contains immature erythrocytes
• located between trabeculae of spongy bone of axial skeleton
• girdles
• proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur

Answer 29

red marrow

Question 30

• dormant
• contains many fat cells
• located in long bones of adults

Answer 30

yellow marrow

Question 31

fibroblasts covering and secreting the fiber network

Answer 31

reticular cells

Question 32

give rise to all other blood cells

Answer 32

myeloid stem cells

Question 33

give rise to lymphocytes

Answer 33

lymphoid stem cells

Question 34

-commited cells are pro erythroblasts
-remain in the reticulocyte stage for 1-2 days in circulation
make up about 1-2% of all erythrocytes

Answer 34

genesis of erythrocytes

Question 35

committed cell type in each granulocyte line ar

Answer 35

myeloblasts

Question 36

enlarge and form monocytes

Answer 36

monoblasts

Question 37

differentiate into magakaryocytes

-break apart into platelets

Answer 37

megakaryoblasts

Question 38

disorders erythrocytes

Answer 38

• polycythemia
• anemia
• sickle cell disease
• leukemia
• thrombocytopenia

Question 39

abnormal excess of erythrocytes

Answer 39

polycythemia

Question 40

erythrocyte levels or hemoglobin concentrations are low

Answer 40

anemia

Question 41

• inherited condition
• results from a defective hemoglobin molecule
• erythrocytes distort into a sickle shape

Answer 41

sickle cell disease

Question 42

• a form of cancer

- classified as lymphoblastic or myeloblastic

Answer 42

leukemia

Question 43

abnormally low concentration of platelets

Answer 43

thrombocytopenia