lecture 18 blood Flashcards
circulatory system divided into 2 parts
- cardiovascular
2. lymphatic systems
transport mechanism for nutrients, signaling molecules, respiratory gases, and waste products
blood
- oxygen and nutrients diffuse across capillary walls to body tissues
- transports hormones from endocrine glands
- conveys cells of immune system
- regulates body temperature
powered by pumping action of the heart
- portion of blood composed of leukocytes and platelets
- present at junction of plasma and RBC’s
Buffy coat
the measure of % of RBC.
- males 47%
- females 42%
hematocrit
- straw colored, sticky fluid portion of blood
- approximately 90% water
- contains over 100 kinds of molecules
blood plasma
3 main proteins of blood plasma
- albumin
- globulins
- fibrinogen
prevents water from diffusing out of blood vessels
albumin
includes antibodies and blood proteins that transport lipids, iron and copper
globulins
one of the molecules involved in chemical reactions for blood clotting
fibrinogen
erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets
blood cells
staining of blood cells
eosin and methylene blue
acidic dye ; stains pink
eosin
basic dye ; stains blue and purple
methylene blue
- oxygen transporting cells 7.5nm
- most numerous of formed elements
- females 4.3-5.2 million cells
- males 5.2-5.8 million cells
- no organelles or nuclei
- ideal measuring tool for estimating sizes of nearby structures
- packed with oxygen carrying hemoglobin
- oxidation of iron atoms of hemoglobin molecules
- -gives blood its red color
erythrocytes
- 4800-11000 cubic mm
- protect body from infectious microorganisms
- function outside the bloodstream in loose connective tissue
- diapedesis
- originate in bone marrow
leukocytes
circulating leukocytes leave the capillaries
diapedesis
two types of leukocytes
- granulocytes
2. agranulocytes
“never let monkeys eat bananas”
neutrophils, lymphocytes , monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
- most numerous abc- granules pick up acidic and basic stains
- nucleus 2-6 lobes
- attracted by bacterial products and are first line of defense in inflammatory response
- phagocytize and destroy bacteria
- multilobed nucleus ; pale red and blue cytoplasmic granules
neutrophils
- represent 1-4% of WBC
- granuales are large and stain red
- plays role in ending allergic reactions by phagocytizing allergens
- secrete enzymes that degrade histamines
- bilobed nucleus ; red cytoplasmic granules
eosinphils
- 5% of all leukocytes
- nucleus ; 2 lobes
- granules secrete histamines
- function in inflammation mediation
- similiar in function to mast cells
- direct later stages of inflammation in allergies and parasitic infections
- bilobed nucleus; purplish- black cytoplasmic granules
basophils
comprise 20-45% of WBC
- most important cells of the immune system
- nucleus ; stains dark purple
- effective in fighting infectious organisms
- act against a specific foreign molecule
- large spherical nucleus ; thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm
lymphocytes ; agranulocytes
two main classes of lymphocyte
T cells and B cells
attack foreign cells directly
T cells
multiply to become plasma cells
-secrete antibodies
b cells
-composed of 4-8% of WBC
-nucleus ; kidney shaped
transform into macrophages
–phagocytic cells
abundant pale blue cyto
monocytes
process by which blood cells are formed in red marrow
-100billion new blood cells formed each day
hematopoiesis
actively generates new blood cells
- contains immature erythrocytes
- located between trabeculae of spongy bone of axial skeleton
- girdles
- proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur
red marrow
- dormant
- contains many fat cells
- located in long bones of adults
yellow marrow
fibroblasts covering and secreting the fiber network
reticular cells
give rise to all other blood cells
myeloid stem cells
give rise to lymphocytes
lymphoid stem cells
-commited cells are pro erythroblasts
-remain in the reticulocyte stage for 1-2 days in circulation
make up about 1-2% of all erythrocytes
genesis of erythrocytes
committed cell type in each granulocyte line ar
myeloblasts
enlarge and form monocytes
monoblasts
differentiate into magakaryocytes
-break apart into platelets
megakaryoblasts
disorders erythrocytes
- polycythemia
- anemia
- sickle cell disease
- leukemia
- thrombocytopenia
abnormal excess of erythrocytes
polycythemia
erythrocyte levels or hemoglobin concentrations are low
anemia
- inherited condition
- results from a defective hemoglobin molecule
- erythrocytes distort into a sickle shape
sickle cell disease
- a form of cancer
- classified as lymphoblastic or myeloblastic
leukemia
abnormally low concentration of platelets
thrombocytopenia
