lecture 2 subdivisions, body planes

Question 1

Hierarchy of structural organization 6 levels

Answer 1

1. chemical
2. cellular
3. tissue
4. organ
5. organ system
6. organism level

Question 2

Atoms and molecules such as water, carbs, aa, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids

Answer 2

Chemical level -1

Question 3

cells and their surroundings are made up of the atoms and molecules

Answer 3

cellular level 2

Question 4

consists of similar cells and associated extracellular material

Answer 4

tissue level 3

Question 5

organs are discrete structures made up of multiple tissue types

Answer 5

organ level 4

Question 6

a group of organs and tissues that perform a specific function

Answer 6

organ system level 5

Question 7

highest level of organization combination of all organ system for a complete individual

Answer 7

organism level 6

Question 8

the sciences generally use the metric system for weights, volume and lengths. Kilograms, liters, mm, and cm are examples

Answer 8

scale

Question 9

use regional and directional terms.

Answer 9

gross anatomy

Question 10

body is straight with feet together and eyes forward. Palms face anterior with the thumbs pointed away from the body

Answer 10

anatomical postion

Question 11

relative directions shown by using pairs of opposite terms

Answer 11

directional terms

Question 12

above or below (directional term)

Answer 12

superior (cranial) / inferior (caudal)

Question 13

front or back (directional term)

Answer 13

anterior (ventral) / Posterior (dorsal)

Question 14

toward the center line / away from the center line (directional term)

Answer 14

medial lateral

Question 15

closer to the surface / further from the surface (directional term)

Answer 15

superficial (external) / deep (internal)

Question 16

closer to the origin of the body part / on the opposite side

Answer 16

ipsilateral / contralateral

Question 17

lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts

Answer 17

frontal (coronal) plane

Question 18

lies horizontally and divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Answer 18

transverse plane

Question 19

vertical division

Answer 19

sagittal plane (s)

Question 20

the sagittal plane that runs along the midline of the body

Answer 20

median (midsagittal) plane

Question 21

any other sagittal plane offset from the midline

Answer 21

parasagittal

Question 22

any section that does not fall into one of the clearly defined planes

Answer 22

oblique plane

Question 23

general statements about the layout of the human body, structurally and developmentally

Answer 23

the human body plan

Question 24

the inner tube is the digestive system is a single connected tube, mouth to anus. this sits inside the human body as a separate environment like the space outside the body. the outer tube is everything from the skin deep to the digestive system

Answer 24

tube within a tube

Question 25

head, neck, and trunk

Answer 25

axial region

Question 26

appendages

Answer 26

appendicular region

Question 27

• cranial cavity

- vertebral cavity

Answer 27

dorsal body cavity

Question 28

divided into 3 parts

• two lateral parts, each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity
• mediastinum

Answer 28

thoracic cavity

Question 29

contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac

Answer 29

mediastinum

Question 30

divided into 2 parts ; abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity

Answer 30

abdominopelvic cavity

Question 31

contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs

Answer 31

abdominal cavity

Question 32

contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum

Answer 32

pelvic cavity

Question 33

a slitlike space lined by serous membranes

Answer 33

serous cavities

Question 34

pleura, pericardium and peritoneum

Answer 34

serous membrane

Question 35

outer wall of the cavity

Answer 35

parietal serosa

Question 36

covers the visceral organs

Answer 36

visceral serosa

Question 37

fluid produced by both layers of the serous membranes. acts as lubricant to allow the organs and tissues to move and function in a friction free way

Answer 37

serous fluid

Question 38

the midsagittal division of the human body is almost a mirror image. notable exceptions are the heart is angled and offset to the left. Stomach, pancreas, and spleen are mostly in the left half.

Answer 38

bilateral symmetry

Question 39

the cns (brain and spinal cord) develop from a dorsal nerve cord

Answer 39

dorsal hollow nerve cord

Question 40

notochord is stiffening rod that is deep to the spinal cord. present in the embryo, its replaced by bony vertebrae, but notochord can still be detected in the cord of the vertebrae.

Answer 40

notochord and vertebrae

Question 41

the outer tube is broken up into repeating units of similar structures running from the head all the way through the trunk

Answer 41

segmentation

Question 42

humans have a pharynx which is part of the digestive and respiratory systems. in the embryo, there are pharyngeal pouches that correspond to the clefts between the gills of fish. these pouches develop into structures in and around the head like an inner ear.

Answer 42

pharyngeal pouches

Question 43

brain and several special sense organs

Answer 43

cranial cavity

Question 44

vertebrae and spinal cord

Answer 44

vertebral cavity

Question 45

abdominal region divided into 9 regions

Answer 45

1. R. hypochondriac - m epigastric - l. hypochondriac
2. r. lumbar - umbilical - l. lumbar
3. r. iliac - hypogastric - l. iliac