lecture 2 subdivisions, body planes Flashcards
Hierarchy of structural organization 6 levels
- chemical
- cellular
- tissue
- organ
- organ system
- organism level
Atoms and molecules such as water, carbs, aa, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids
Chemical level -1
cells and their surroundings are made up of the atoms and molecules
cellular level 2
consists of similar cells and associated extracellular material
tissue level 3
organs are discrete structures made up of multiple tissue types
organ level 4
a group of organs and tissues that perform a specific function
organ system level 5
highest level of organization combination of all organ system for a complete individual
organism level 6
the sciences generally use the metric system for weights, volume and lengths. Kilograms, liters, mm, and cm are examples
scale
use regional and directional terms.
gross anatomy
body is straight with feet together and eyes forward. Palms face anterior with the thumbs pointed away from the body
anatomical postion
relative directions shown by using pairs of opposite terms
directional terms
above or below (directional term)
superior (cranial) / inferior (caudal)
front or back (directional term)
anterior (ventral) / Posterior (dorsal)
toward the center line / away from the center line (directional term)
medial lateral
closer to the surface / further from the surface (directional term)
superficial (external) / deep (internal)
closer to the origin of the body part / on the opposite side
ipsilateral / contralateral
lies vertically and divides body into anterior and posterior parts
frontal (coronal) plane
lies horizontally and divides the body into superior and inferior parts
transverse plane
vertical division
sagittal plane (s)
the sagittal plane that runs along the midline of the body
median (midsagittal) plane
any other sagittal plane offset from the midline
parasagittal
any section that does not fall into one of the clearly defined planes
oblique plane
general statements about the layout of the human body, structurally and developmentally
the human body plan
the inner tube is the digestive system is a single connected tube, mouth to anus. this sits inside the human body as a separate environment like the space outside the body. the outer tube is everything from the skin deep to the digestive system
tube within a tube
head, neck, and trunk
axial region
appendages
appendicular region
- cranial cavity
- vertebral cavity
dorsal body cavity
divided into 3 parts
- two lateral parts, each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity
- mediastinum
thoracic cavity
contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac
mediastinum
divided into 2 parts ; abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
abdominopelvic cavity
contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs
abdominal cavity
contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum
pelvic cavity
a slitlike space lined by serous membranes
serous cavities
pleura, pericardium and peritoneum
serous membrane
outer wall of the cavity
parietal serosa
covers the visceral organs
visceral serosa
fluid produced by both layers of the serous membranes. acts as lubricant to allow the organs and tissues to move and function in a friction free way
serous fluid
the midsagittal division of the human body is almost a mirror image. notable exceptions are the heart is angled and offset to the left. Stomach, pancreas, and spleen are mostly in the left half.
bilateral symmetry
the cns (brain and spinal cord) develop from a dorsal nerve cord
dorsal hollow nerve cord
notochord is stiffening rod that is deep to the spinal cord. present in the embryo, its replaced by bony vertebrae, but notochord can still be detected in the cord of the vertebrae.
notochord and vertebrae
the outer tube is broken up into repeating units of similar structures running from the head all the way through the trunk
segmentation
humans have a pharynx which is part of the digestive and respiratory systems. in the embryo, there are pharyngeal pouches that correspond to the clefts between the gills of fish. these pouches develop into structures in and around the head like an inner ear.
pharyngeal pouches
brain and several special sense organs
cranial cavity
vertebrae and spinal cord
vertebral cavity
abdominal region divided into 9 regions
- R. hypochondriac - m epigastric - l. hypochondriac
- r. lumbar - umbilical - l. lumbar
- r. iliac - hypogastric - l. iliac
