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biology: human anatomy mortuary science > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Master control and communication system.
3 overlapping functions;
1. sensory receptors monitor changes inside and outside the body.
2. processes and interprets sensory input
3. dictates a response by activating effector organs.

A

Nervous system

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2
Q

What changes detect inside or outside the body

A

stimulus

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3
Q

When information is gathered by receptors

A

sensory input

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4
Q

interpreting input

A

integration

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5
Q

the response

A

motor output

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6
Q
  • Composed of brain and spinal cord.

- integrating and command center

A

Central nervous system

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7
Q
  • Nerves branched from brain and spinal cord (cranial and spinal nerves)
  • links all regions of body to CNS
A

Peripheral Nervous system

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8
Q

clusters of neuronal cell bodies

A

ganglia

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9
Q

Afferent signals picked up by sensor receptors

A

sensory

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10
Q

efferent signals carried away from CNS.

Also innervate muscles and glands

A

Motor

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11
Q

Sensory input and motor output divided according to regions they serve

A

Somatic body region

Visceral body region

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12
Q

4 main subdivisions of Somatic and visceral body regions

A
  1. somatic sensory
  2. visceral sensory
  3. somatic motor
  4. visceral motor
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13
Q

Receptors spread throughout outer tube of body ; touch, pain, vibration, pressure, temperature; general indicates “widespread”

A

Somatic sensory

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14
Q

Detect stretch in tendons and muscles

A

proprioceptive senses (somatic sensory)

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15
Q

Position and movement of body in space

A

body sense

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16
Q

Hearing, balance, vision, smell

A

special somatic senses

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17
Q

General senses; stretch, pain, temperature, nausea, and hunger.
widely felt in digestive and urinary tracts and reproductive organs.

A

Visceral sensory

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18
Q

Taste and smell

A

special visceral senses

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19
Q

General ; signals contraction of skeletal muscles
under our voluntary control
often called “voluntary nervous system”

A

Somatic Motor

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20
Q
  • Regulates the contractions of smooth and cardiac muscle.
  • makes up autonomic nervous system.
  • often called “involuntary nervous system”
A

Visceral motor

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21
Q

Cells are densely packed and interwined.
2 main cell types
-neurons and support cells

A

Nervous Tissue

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22
Q

transmits electrical signals

A

neurons

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23
Q
  • neuroglia cells in CNS
  • nonexcitable
  • surround and wrap neurons
A

Support cells

24
Q

Basic structural unit of the nervous system.

  • specialized cells conduct electrical impulses along the plasma membrane
  • nerve impulse (action potential)
A

The neuron

25
Q

Longevity, do not divide, high metabolic rate

A

special characteristics of neurons

26
Q

can live and function for a lifetime

A

longevity

27
Q

fetal neurons lose their ability to undergo mitosis; neural stem cells are an exception

A

do not divide

28
Q

require abundant oxygen and glucose

-neurons die within 5 mins without oxygen

A

high metabolic rate

29
Q

Size of cell body varies from 5 to 140 micrometers

-contains usual organelles plus other structures

A

cell body

30
Q
  • bundles of intermediate filaments

- forms a network between chromatophilic bodies

A

neurofibrils

31
Q
  1. neuronal cell bodies located in the CNS

2. Neuronal cell bodies in PNS

A
  1. Cell body

2. Ganglia

32
Q
  • Branches from the cell body

- transmit electrical signals toward the cell body

A

Dendrites

33
Q

extend only into the basal part of dendrites and to the base of the axon hillock
-functions as receptive sites for receiving signals from other neurons

A

Chromatophilic bodies

34
Q
  1. -Neurons has only one
    - impulse generator and conductor
    - transmits impulses away from cell body
    - chromatophilic bodies are absent
    - no protein synthesis in axon
    - Neurofilaments, actin microfilaments, and microtubules…
  2. )provide strength and aids in transport of substances to and from the cell body
A
  1. Axons

2. Axonal transport

35
Q

multiple branches at end of axon

A

terminal arboration

36
Q

end in knobs

A

terminal boutons

37
Q
  • generated at the initial segment of the axon

- conducted along the axon to the terminal boutons

A

nerve impulses

38
Q

released from vesicles at the terminal boutons

A

neurotransmitters

39
Q
  • Site at which neurons communicate
  • information passed through chemical messengers
  • – some info transmitted electrically through gap junctions
A

synapses

40
Q

Presynaptic neuron
postsynaptic neuron
Synaptic vesicles
synaptic cleft

A

4 synapses

41
Q

conducts signal toward a synapse

A

presynaptic neuron

42
Q

transmits electrical activity away from a synapse

A

postsynaptic neuron

43
Q

Axondendritic

Axosomatic

A

2 types of synapse

44
Q

Between axon terminals of one neuron and dendrites of another

A

axodendritic

45
Q

between axons and neuronal cell bodies

A

axosomatic

46
Q

On presynaptic side

  • membrane bound sacs containing neurotransmitters
  • mitochondria abundant in axon terminals
A

synaptic vesicles

47
Q

separates the plasma membrane of the 2 neurons

A

synaptic cleft

48
Q

4 in CNS and 2 in PNS

  • provide supportive functions for neurons
  • cover non synaptic regions of the neurons
A

6 types of neuroglia

49
Q

most cells have branching processes and a central cell body
outnumbers neurons 10 to 1
make up half the mass of the brain
can divide throughout life
4 types ; astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells and oligodendrocytes

A

neuroglia in the CNS

50
Q

most abundant glial cell type

  • sense when neurons release glutamate
  • extract blood sugar from capillaries for energy
  • take up and release ions to control environment around neurons
  • produce molecules necessary for neuronal growth
  • propagate calcium signals involved with memory
A

Astrocytes (CNS)

51
Q

Smallest and least abundant glial cell

  • phagocytes ; macrophages of the CNS
  • engulf invading microorganisms and dead neurons
  • derive from blood cells called monocytes
  • migrate to CNS during embryonic and fetal periods
A

Microglia

52
Q

Line the central cavity of the spinal cord and brain

-bear cilia - helps circulate the cerebrospinal fluid

A

ependymal cells

53
Q

few branches

  • wrap their cell processes around axons in the CNS
  • produce myelin sheaths in the CNS
A

oligodendrocytes

54
Q

2 types; satellite cells and Schwann cells

A

Neuroglia in the PNS

55
Q

Surround neuron cell bodies within ganglia

A

satellite cells

56
Q

surround axons in the PNS

-forms myelin sheath around axons of the PNS

A

Schwann cells

biology: human anatomy mortuary science (23 decks)

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