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biology: human anatomy mortuary science > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Digestive system divided into two groups

A
  1. Alimentary canal

2. Accessory digestive organs

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2
Q
  • mouth, pharynx, and esophagus

- stomach, small intestine and large intestine

A

Alimentary canal

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3
Q
  • teeth and tongue
  • gallbladder, salivary glands, liver, and large intestine
  • connected to the alimentary canal by ducts
  • secretions contribute to breakdown of food stuffs
A

Accessory digestive organs

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4
Q

a serous membrane

A

peritoneum

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5
Q

surrounds digestive organs

A

visceral peritoneum

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6
Q

lines the body wall

A

parietal peritoneum

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7
Q

a slitlike potential space

A

peritoneal cavity

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8
Q
  • connects to the posterior abdominal wall.
  • a double layer of peritoneum
  • holds organs in place
  • sites of fat storage
  • provides a route for circulatory vessels and nerves
A

Mesentery

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9
Q

binds anterior part of liver to anterior abdominal wall

A

falciform ligament (ventral mesenteries)

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10
Q

attaches liver to the lesser curvature of stomach

A

lesser omentum (ventral mesenteries)

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11
Q
  • connects greater curvature of stomach to posterior abdominal wall
  • a “fatty apron”
A

greater omentum (dorsal mesenteries)

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12
Q

holds transverse colon in place

A

transverse mesocolon (dorsal mesenteries)

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13
Q

connects the sigmoid colon to posterior pelvic wall

A

sigmoid mesocolon (dorsal mesenteries)

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14
Q

occurs in the mouth

A

ingestion

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15
Q

movement of food

A

propulsion

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16
Q

major means of propulsion

A

peristalsis

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17
Q

prepares food for chemical digestion

-chewing, churning food in stomach, segmentation

A

mechanical breakdown

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18
Q

rhythmic local constrictions of intestine

A

segmentation

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19
Q

complex molecules broken down to chemical components; mouth, stomach small intestione

A

chemical digestion

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20
Q

transport of digested nutrients

A

absorption

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21
Q

elimination of indigestible substances as feces

A

defecation

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22
Q

4 layers from esophagus to anus

A
  1. inner most ; mucosa
  2. external to mucosa ; submucosa
  3. external to submucosa ; muscular externa
  4. outermost layer ; serosa;
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23
Q

inner most layer of alimentary canal consists of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscular mucosa

A

mucosa

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24
Q

external to the mucosa of the alimentary canal.

-contains blood and lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers

A

submucosa

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25
Q

external to the submucosa of the alimentary canal ; consists of 2 layers; circular muscular (inner layer) and longitudinal muscular (outer layer)

A

muscular externa

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26
Q

outermost layer of the alimentary canal.

-is the visceral peritoneum

A

serosa

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27
Q
  • Mucosa-lined cavity
  • boundaries ;
  • lips anteriorly
  • cheeks laterally
  • palate superiorly
  • tongue inferiorly
  • faces of oropharynx posteriorly
A

mouth (oral cavity)

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28
Q

innermost layer of the GI tract. It is made up of three layers: the epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae. The mucosa surrounds the lumen, or open space within the digestive tube. This layer comes in direct contact with digested food (chyme).

A

mucosal layer

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29
Q

formed from orbiculares iris and buccinator muscles

A

lips and cheeks

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30
Q
  • physical digestion, vocalization and taste. made up of 2 parts; oral and pharyngeal
  • interlacing fascicles of skeletal muscle
  • grips food and repositions it
  • helps form some consonants
A

the tongue

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31
Q

muscles within the tongue

A

intrinsic muscles

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32
Q

external to the tongue

A

extrinsic muscles

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33
Q

secures tongue to the floor of the mouth

A

lingual frenulum

34
Q

20 teeth ; first appear at 6 months of age

A

deciduous teeth

35
Q

32 teeth ; most erupt by the end of adolescense

A

permanent teeth

36
Q

shorthand ; formula for adult dentition indicates number and position of teeth

A

dental formula

37
Q

exposed surface of teeth

A

crown

38
Q

in tooth socket

A

root

39
Q

outer layer of teeth

A

enamel

40
Q

underlies enamel

A

dentin

41
Q

center of tooth

A

pulp cavity

42
Q

produces saliva

A

salivary glands

43
Q

posterior to the sublingual gland

A

submandibular glands

44
Q

lie in floor of oral cavity under tongue

-contain primarily mucous cells

A

sublingual glands

45
Q
  • parotid duct; parallel to zygomatic arch

- contain only serous cells

A

parotid glands

46
Q
  • passages for air and food
  • lined with stratified squamous epithelium
  • external muscle layer
  • consists of superior, middle, and inferior pharyngeal constrictors
A

oropharynx and laryngopharynx

47
Q
  • gross anatomy; musclular tube
  • begins as a continuation of the pharynx
  • joins the stomach inferior to the diaphragm
A

the esophagus

48
Q

closes lumen to prevent stomach acid from entering esophagus

A

cardiac sphincter

49
Q
  • pouch like dilation; acts as storage and place for mixing food with digestive juices before entering small intestine
  • site where food is churned into chyme
  • secretion of pepsin begins protein digestion
  • -functions under acidic conditions
  • food remains in stomach approximately 4 hours
  • regions ; cardiac part, fundus, body, pyloric part
A

the stomach

50
Q

longest portion of the alimentary canal

  • site of most enzymatic digestion and absorption
  • 3 subdivisions ; Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
  • innervation
  • -parasympathetic fibers from vagus nerve
  • -sympathetic from thoracic splanchnic nerves
  • folded multiple times
A

the small intestine

51
Q

receives digestive enzymes and bile

  • main pancreatic duct and common bile duct enter ___
  • sphincters control entry of bile and pancreatic juices
A

the Duodenum

52
Q

transverse ridges of mucosa and submuocosa

A

circular folds

53
Q
  • fingerlike projections in the small intestines that increase the surface area.
  • covered with simple columnar eptihelium (small intestine)
A

Villi

54
Q

Further increase surface area for absorption (small intestine)

A

Microvilli

55
Q
  • Digested residue contains few nutrients
  • small amount of digestion by bacteria
  • main functions
  • absorb water and electrolytes
  • mass peristaltic movements force feces toward the rectum
A

the large intestine

56
Q

large intestine divided into 5 areas

A

cecum, appendix, colon, rectum, anal canal

57
Q

contains lymphoid tissue

-neutralizes pathogens

A

appendix

58
Q

divided into distinct segments

-ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon

A

colon

59
Q

-descends along the inferior half of the sacrum

A

rectum

60
Q
  • the last subdivision of the large intestine

- lined with stratified squamous epithelium

A

anal canal

61
Q
  • villi are absent
  • contains numerous goblet cells
  • intestinal crypts ; simple tubular glands
  • lined with simple columnar epithelial tissue
  • epithelium changes at anal canal
  • becomes stratified squamous epithelium
A

microscopic anatomy of large intestine

62
Q
  • largest gland in body
  • performs over 500 functions
  • digestive function
  • bile production
  • performs many metabolic functions
  • tissue great at regenerating
A

the liver

63
Q
  • stores and concentrates bile
  • expels bile into duodenum
  • bile emulsifies fats
  • connects to the common bile duct.
A

gallbladder

64
Q

released from enteroendocrine cells in response to fatty chyme

A

cholecystokinin (coal a sis to ky nin)

65
Q
  • both exocrine and endocrine functions

- secondarily retroperitoneal

A

pancreas

66
Q

produces insulin and glucagon

-regulates blood sugar

A

endocrine function

67
Q

produces most enzymes that digest food in the small intestine

  • acinar cells make, store, and secrete pancreatic enzymes
  • enzymes are activated in the duodenum
A

exocrine function

68
Q
  • extends the length of the pancreas
  • joins bile duct to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla
  • empties into duodenum
  • arterial supply is from hepatic, splenic, and superior mesenteric arteries
A

main pancreatic duct

69
Q
  • erosions of the mucosa of a region of the alimentary canal
  • caused by Helicobacter pylori
  • acid resistant
  • binds to gastric epthelium
  • induces over secretion of acid and inflammation
A

peptic ulcers

70
Q

occur in pyloric region of the stomach

A

gastric ulcers

71
Q

occur in duodenum of the small intestines

A

duodenal ulcers

72
Q
  • mechanical obstruction
  • adhesions, tumors, or foreign objects
  • nonmechanical obstruction
  • halt in peristalsis
  • trauma
  • intestines touched during surgery
A

intestinal obstruction

73
Q
  • inflammation of the intestinal wall
  • crohns disease
  • ulcerative colitis
A

inflammatory bowel disease

74
Q
  • jaundice and flulike symptons

- major types A,B,C, and G

A

Viral hepatitis

75
Q

Pancreatic ducts become blocked with mucus

  • clogged ducts prevent pancreatic juices form entering small intestine
  • leads to malabsorption of fats and other nutrients
A

cystic fibrosis and the pancreas

76
Q

method that propels food through the digestive tract

A

peristalsis

77
Q

space between the teeth and the lips and cheeks.

A

Vestibule

78
Q

2 valves that control entry and exit to the stomach

A
  1. cardiac sphincter valve

2. pyloric sphincter valve.

79
Q

lymphoid tissue in the walls of the small intestine that keep the bacteria in food from entering the blood stream

A

peters patches

80
Q
  1. detoxifying bloodstream
  2. phagocytosis of old red blood cells and some bacteria
  3. produces anticoagulants such as heparin
  4. filter nutrients such as sugars for storage
  5. store other vitamins and minerals for body use.
A

more functions of liver

81
Q

Also called “ampulla of vater” ; where pancreatic duct and common bile duct join to enter the duodenum

A

hepatopancreatic duct

82
Q

specialized cell groups that produce insulin. Surround by ducts that connect to the duodenum

A

Islets of Langerhans

biology: human anatomy mortuary science (23 decks)

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