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biology: human anatomy mortuary science > lecture 4 tissues > Flashcards

lecture 4 tissues Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

work together in functionally related groups called tissues

A

cells

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2
Q

a group of closely associated cells that perform related functions and are similar in structure

A

tissues

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3
Q

-covers body surface or lines a body cavity
-forms parts of most glands
-functions ;
protection, secretion, absorption, diffusion, filtration, sensory reception

A

epithelial tissue

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4
Q
  1. cellularity
  2. specialized contacts
  3. polarity
  4. support by connective tissue
A

special characteristics of epithelia

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5
Q

cells separated by minimal extracellular material

A

cellularity

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6
Q

cells joined by special junctions

A

specialized contacts

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7
Q

cell regions of the apical surface differ from the basal surface

A

polarity

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8
Q
  • avascular but innervated

- regeneration

A

support by connective tissue

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9
Q

epithelia receive nutrients from underlying connective tissue

A

avascular but innervated

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10
Q

lost cells are quickly replaced by cell division

A

regeneration

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11
Q

classifications epithelia

  • first name of tissue indicates number of cell layers
  • last name of tissue describes shape of cells
A
  1. simple epithelia
  2. stratified epithelia
  3. squamous
  4. cuboidal
  5. columnar
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12
Q

single layer of cells attached to basement membrane

A

simple epithelia

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13
Q
  • multiple layers of cells

- basal layer of cells attached to basement membrane

A

stratified epithelia

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14
Q

-single layer; flat cells with disc-shaped nuclei
functions
-passage of materials by passive diffusion and filtration
-secretes lubricating substances in serosae
location
-renal corpuscles
-alveoli of lungs
-lining of heart, blood, and lymphatic vessels
-lining of ventral body cavity

A

simple squamous epithelium

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15
Q

-single layer of tubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei
function
-secretion and absorption
location
-kidney tubules, secretory portions of small glands, ovary surface

A

simple cuboidal epithelium

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16
Q

-single layers of column-shaped (rectangular) cells with oval nuclei
-some bear cilia at their apical surface
-may contain goblet cells
function
-absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances
-ciliated type propels mucus or reproductive cells by ciliary action
location
-Non ciliated form
-lines digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts of some glands
-ciliated form
-lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and uterus

A

simple columnar epithelium

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17
Q

-all cells originate at basement membrane
-only tall cells reach the apical surface
-may contain goblet cells and bear cilia
-nuclei lie at varying heights within cells
–gives false impression of stratification
function
-secretion of mucus; propulsion of mucus by cilia
location
-non ciliated
-ducts of male reproductive tubes
-ducts of large glands
ciliated
-lines trachea and most of upper respiratory tract

A

pesudostratified columnar epithelium

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18
Q

properties

  • contains 2 or more layers of cells
  • regenerate from below (basal layer)
  • major role is protection
  • named according to shape of cells at apical layer
A

stratified epithelia

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19
Q

-many layers of cells are squamous in shape
-deeper layers of cells appear cuboidal or columnar
-thick epithelial tissue
–adapted for protection from abrasion
2 types- keratinized and non keratinized
function
-protects underlying tissues in areas subject to abrasion
location
-k ; forms epidermis
-nk; forms lining of mucous membranes
esophagus, mouth, anus, vagina, urethra

A

stratified squamous epithelium

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20
Q

location epidermis

  • contains the protective protein keratin
  • waterproof
  • surface cells are dead and full of keratin
A

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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21
Q

forms moist lining of body openings

A

non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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22
Q

-generally two layers of cube shaped cells
function
-protection
location
-forms ducts of mammary glands, salivary glands, and largest sweat glands

A

stratified cuboidal epithelium

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23
Q

-several layers; basal cells usually cuboidal; superficial cells elongated
function
-protection and secretion
location
-rare tissue type
-found in male urethra and large ducts of some glands

A

stratified columnar epithelium

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24
Q

-characteristics of stratified cuboidal and stratified squamous
-superficial cells dome-shaped when bladder is relaxed, squamous is full
function
-permits dissension of urinary organs when they are filled with urine
location
-epithelium of urinary bladder ureters, proximal urethra

A

transitional epithelium

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25
Q

ductless glands that secrete directly into surrounding tissue fluid
-produce hormones

A

endocrine glands

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26
Q

-ducts carry products to epithelial surface
-includes
-mucus-secreting,
-sweat and oil
-salivary
-liver and pancreas
glands

A

exocrine glands

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27
Q

cells that produce mucin
mucin + water = mucus
-protects and lubricates many internal body surfaces
-goblet cells are a unicellular exocrine gland

A

goblet cells

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28
Q

factors binding epithelial cells together

A

adhesion proteins
contours
special cell junction

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29
Q

link plasma membranes of adjacent cells

A

adhesion proteins

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30
Q

of adjacent cell membranes

A

contours

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31
Q

also called zona occludens

  • close off intercellular space
  • found at apical region of most epithelial tissue types
  • prevent certain molecules from passing between cells
A

tight junctions

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32
Q
  • also called zonula adherens

- anchoring junctions

A

adhesive belt junctions

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33
Q

main junction for binding cells together

  • scattered along abutting sides of adjacent cells
  • cytoplasmic side of each plasma membrane has a plaque
  • common in cardiac muscle and epithelial tissue
A

desmosomes

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34
Q

passageway between two adjacent cells

  • lets small molecules move directly between neighboring cells
  • connected by hollow cylinders of protein
  • function of intercellular communication
A

gap junctions

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35
Q

-located at the boundary between the epithelium and connective tissue
-noncellular supporting sheet between epithelial and connective tissue deep to it
-proteins secreted by epithelial cells
function
-acts as a selective filter
-acts as scaffolding along which regenerating epithelial tissue cells can migrate

A

the basal lamina

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36
Q

forms the basement membrane

A

basal lamina and reticular layers

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37
Q
  • fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane
  • have a core of actin filaments that stiffen the microvillus
  • abundant in kidney tubules and small intestine
  • maximize surface across which small molecules enter or leave cells
A

microvilli

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38
Q
  • whiplike, highly motile extensions of apical surface membranes
  • contains a core of microtubules held together by cross-linking and radial proteins
A

cilia

39
Q 
-most diverse and abundant tissue
functions
-forms basis of skeleton
-store and carry nutrients
-surround blood vessels and nerves
-lead fight against infection
A

connective tissue

40
Q

mains classes of connective tissue

A

connective tissue proper
cartilage
bone tissue
blood

41
Q

connective tissue cells produce

A

extracellular matrix

42
Q

common embryonic origin

  • gel like substance
  • cells are star shaped cells
  • all connective tissues arise from
A

mesenchyme

43
Q

illustrates connective tissue features

A

loose areolar connective tissue

44
Q
  • in connective tissue proper

- make protein subunits

A

fibroblasts

45
Q

secrete matrix in cartilage

-immature cartilage cells

A

chondroblasts

46
Q

secrete matrix in bone

A

osteoblasts

47
Q

areolar connective tissue contains

A

fat cells, white blood cells, and mast cells

48
Q

extracellular matrix composed of ground substance and

A

fibers

49
Q

strongest fiber

resist tensions

A

collagen fibers

50
Q

bundles of special type of cartilage

A

reticular fibers

51
Q

contains elastin

-recoil after stretching

A

elastic fibers

52
Q
  • produced by primary cell type of the tissue
  • usually gel like substance consisting of proteoglycans and glycosaminioglycans
  • cushions and protects body structures
  • holds tissue fluid
  • no blood
A

ground substance

53
Q

connective tissue proper has 2 subclasses

A
  1. loose connective

2. dense connective

54
Q

areolar, adipose and reticular tissue

A

loose connective

55
Q

dense irregular, dense regular, and elastic tissue

A

dense connective tissue

56
Q
  • underlies epithelial tissue
  • surrounds small nerves and blood vessels
  • has structures and functions shared by other C.T
  • borders all other tissues in the body
A

areolar connective tissue

57
Q
  • watery fluid occupying extracellular matrix

- tissue fluid derives from blood

A

interstitial fluid

58
Q 
function
-provides reserve food fuel
-insulates against heat loss
-supports and protects organs
location
-under skin
-around kidneys
-behind eyeballs, within abdomen, and in breasts
-hypodermis
A

adipose tissue

59
Q

-produces heat
-occurs in babies to help thermoregulation
-found in adults
between scapulae
sides of anterior neck
anterior abdominal wall
-richly vascularized; cells contain may lipid droplets and numerous mitochondria

A

brown adipose tissue

60
Q 
-network of reticular fibers in loose ground substance
function
-forms a soft, internal skeleton
-supports other cell types
location
-lymph nodes, bone marrow, spleen
A

reticular connective tissue

61
Q

3 types of dense connective tissues

A

dense irregular connective
dense regular connective
elastic connective

62
Q

resist strong pulling forces

-has more collagen than areolar connective tissue

A

dense connective tissue

63
Q

-collagen fibers thick and irregularly arranged
-contains some elastic fibers and fibroblasts
function
-withstands tension
-provides structural strength
location
-dermis of skin
-submucosa of digestive tract
-fibrous capsules of joints
-surround kidneys, bones, and lymph nodes

A

dense irregular connective tissue

64
Q

-collagen fibers are parallel to direction of pull
-fibroblasts are located between collagen fibers
-contains few elastic fibers
-great tensile strength
-poorly vascularized
-forms fascia
function
-attaches to muscle to bone
attaches bone to bone
location
-tendons and ligaments
-aponeuroses
-fascia around muscles

A

dense regular connective tissue

65
Q 
-elastic fibers predominate
function ; allows recoil after stretching
location ; within walls of arteries; in certain ligaments; surround bronchial tubes
A

elastic connective tissue

66
Q
  • firm, flexible tissue
  • contains no blood vessels or nerves
  • matrix contains up to 80% waters
  • cell type is chondrocyte
A

cartilage

67
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

68
Q

-imperceptible collagen fibers (glassy)
functions ; supports and reinforces ; resilient cushion ; resists repetitive stress
location ; fetal skeleton; ends of long bones; costal cartilage of ribs ; cartilages of nose, trachea and larynx

A

hyaline cartilage

69
Q

-similiar to hyaline cartilage
-more elastic fibers in matrix
functions ; maintains shape of structure ; allows great flexibility
location ; supports external ear ; epiglottis

A

elastic cartilage

70
Q

-matrix similar but less firm than hyaline cartilage
-thick collagen fibers predominate
function ; tensile strength and ability to absorb compressive shock
location ; intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis ; discs of knee joint

A

fibrocartilage

71
Q

-bone matrix contains inorganic calcium salts; abundance of collagen fibers
-osteoblasts
-osteocytes
function
-suuports and protects organs
-provides levers and attachment sites for muscles
-stores calcium and other minerals
-stores fat
marrow is site for blood cell formation
location bones

A

bone tissue

72
Q

-atypical connective tissue
-develops from mesenchyme
-consists of cells surrounded by nonliving matrix
-red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix
-transport of respiratory gases, nutrients and wastes
location within blood vessels

A

blood tissue

73
Q

skin

A

cutaneous membrane

74
Q

-lines hollow organs that open to surface of body

A

mucous membranes

75
Q

simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium lying on areolar connective tissue
lines closed cavities;
pleura, peritoneal, pericardial cavities
-produces serous fluid

A

serous membrane

76
Q

-composite tissue
-contains areolar connective tissue in addition with muscle tissue
muscle fibers
myofilaments

A

muscle tissue

77
Q

muscle cells

A

muscle fibers

78
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
cardiac
smooth

79
Q

-long cylindrical cells
-multinucleate
-obvious striations
function ; voluntary movement; manipulation of environment; facial expression
location ; skeletal muscles attached to bone

A

skeletal muscle tissue

80
Q

-branching cells, striated
-generally uninucleate
-cells interdigitate at intercalated discs
function ; contracts to propel blood into circulatory system
location ; occurs in walls of heart

A

cardiac muscle tissue

81
Q

-spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei
-arranged closely to form sheets
-no striations
functions ; propels substances along internal passageways; involuntary control
location ; mostly walls of hollow organs

A

smooth muscle tissue

82
Q

-main components are brain, spinal cord and nerves
-contains 2 types of cells ; neurons and neuroglia
function ; transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors
location ; brain, spinal cord and nerve

A

nervous tissue

83
Q
  • nonspecific local response

- limits damage to injury site

A

inflammatory response

84
Q
  • takes longer to develop and very specific

- destroys particular microorganisms at site of infection

A

immune response

85
Q

-heat, redness, swelling, pain, chemicals signal nearby blood vessels to dilate

A

acute inflammation

86
Q

increases permeability of capillaries

A

histamine

87
Q

accumulation of fluid

  • helps dilute toxins secreted by bacteria
  • brings oxygen and nutrients from blood
  • brings antibodies from blood to fight infection
A

edema

88
Q

replacement of destroyed tissue with same type of tissue

A

regeneration

89
Q

proliferation of scar tissue

A

fibrosis

90
Q

clot is replaced by granulation tissue

A

organization

91
Q

epithelial tissue, bone connective tissue, areolar connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue and blood forming connective tissue

A

good to excellent ; capacity for regeneration

92
Q

smooth muscle tissue, dense regular connective tissue

A

moderate ; capacity for regeneration

93
Q

skeletal muscle tissue, cartilage

A

weak ; capacity for regeneration

94
Q

cardiac muscle tissue, nervous tissue

A

none or almost none ; capacity for regeneration

biology: human anatomy mortuary science (23 decks)

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