Reproduction and the Growing Child - (General) Flashcards

1
Q

What happens at 4 weeks of mammogenesis?

A

Two milk lines (Streaks) form from the axilla to the groin.

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2
Q

What happens by 8 weeks of mammogenesis?

A

‘Milk hills’

Thickening and inward growth- invagination into chest wall

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3
Q

What happens from 12-16 weeks of mammogenesis?

A

Differentiation

Epithelial cells -> mammary buds in an alveolar pattern.

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4
Q

What happens from 28-32 weeks of mammogenesis?

A

Canalization (formation of channels) of branched epithelial tissue
Primary milk ducts

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5
Q

What happens by 40 weeks of mammogenesis?

A

Lobular-alveolar structures containing colostrum develop
Ducts open into nipple
Nipple and areola develop and become pigmented

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6
Q

What hormones are responsible for breast growth at puberty?

A

Oestrogen

Human growth hormone

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7
Q

With reproductive cycles, is the proliferation and active growth reversible?

A

No

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8
Q

What hormone is responsible for areolar growth during pregnancy?

A

Serum placental lactose

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9
Q

What is oestrogen’s effect on the breast during pregnancy?

A

Stimulates ductal system proliferation and differentiation

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10
Q

What cells line each alveolus of the breast?

A

Lactocytes- secretory epithelial cells

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11
Q

What is the role of myoepithelial cells in the breast?

A

Contract around the alveoli to eject milk into the ductules

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12
Q

Where is milk produced in the breast?

A

Alveolar glandular tissue

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13
Q

What stops liquid from dripping out of the breast?

A

Surface tension

Closure of tight junctions between lactocytes

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14
Q

When do changes to the nipple and areola occur in pregnancy?

A

Around 12 weeks

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15
Q

When does colostrum begin to be secreted in pregnancy?

A

12-16 weeks

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16
Q

When does involution occur?

A

40 days after last breastfeed

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17
Q

What is lactogenesis?

A

The transition from pregnancy to lactation

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18
Q

What causes the drop in progesterone, oestrogen and human placental lactogen during labour?

A

Delivery of the placenta

19
Q

What hormones cause milk production?

A

Low progesterone
Low oestrogen
High prolactin

20
Q

What stimulus drives milk production?

A

Feeding - milk removal suggests increased demand for milk

21
Q

What is the milk ejection/ let-down reflex?

A

Oxytocin release stimulates myoepithelial cells to squeeze milk out of acini and into the ducts.

22
Q

What are the causes of breastfeeding related pathology?

A

Poor positioning/ attachment
Nipple/ tissue trauma
Breastfeeding management problems

23
Q

What is the difference between symmetrical and asymmetrical developmental insults?

A

Symmetrical- early insult- smaller throughout body

Asymmetrical- late insult- fat deposited depleted but not everywhere

24
Q

What are the four factors causing foetal growth restriction?

A

Maternal
Foetal- (TORCH infections)
Placental
Uterine

25
What is the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia?
Decreased uterine blood flow -> atherosclerosis of uterine spiral arteries
26
What is important when measuring foetal growth?
You need at least 2 measurements to check for change.
27
When considering IUGR in a foetus, what is the most important thing to measure by ultrasound?
Abdominal circumference
28
What is the Barker hypothesis?
Fetal programming arising from impaired growth in pregnancy and infancy
29
What is cosanguinuity?
People reproducing from within the same gene pool
30
What is talipes
A single primary defect where feet bend inwards. More common in twins.
31
What is the difference between a malformation and a disruption?
Malformation- problem with a formation process | Disruption - destruction of structures after their formation
32
What is Holt-Oram syndrome dysplasia?
Radius missing | Cardiac defects
33
What are the causes of congenial defects?
``` 50% unknown Genetic Infectious Nutritional Environmental teratogens ```
34
Where is the defect in congenital duodenal atresia?
Recanalisation of the duodenum before 7-8 weeks development
35
Where is the defect in congenital exstrophy of the bladder?
Migration of infraumbilical mesenchyme before 30 days development
36
In clinical testing, what does the dynamic range refer to?
Anything outside of normal
37
What are the broad categories of biochemical tests?
Selective requesting | Screening tests
38
What is the difference between core and specialised selective requesting?
Core- Most senior clinicians are qualified to perform the test Specialised- Sample sent to a specific specialty for testing
39
What are types of biochemical tests?
One-off (Dipstix) Biochemical profiles - analysis of multiple constituents in the sample Dynamic function tests- measuring body's response to external stimulus
40
What are the purposes of selective testing?
``` To confirm a diagnosis Aiding differentials To assess disease severity Monitoring progress/ therapy Detection of complications/ side effects ```
41
What are the two major types of variation that can affect clinical testing?
Analytical- precision, accuracy, sensitivity, specificity of test Biological- patient physiological factors affecting results
42
What would you do if your test comes back and is not consistent with clinical findings?
Check procedure: lab sample, test accuracy etc. | Repeat the test
43
What is type I hyperlipidaemia?
Increased chylomicrons in blood; suggests poor diet