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Phase I Medicine > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is epithelium?

A

A layer of cells

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2
Q

What is a colon?

A

Large intestine

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3
Q

What is a cell?

A

Most basic structural unit of all living organisms

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4
Q

Which technique is used to visualise the organelles within a cell?

A

Electron microscopy

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5
Q

What’s the difference between transmission EM and scanning EM?

A

Transmission EM - requires very thin specimens and heavy metal compound stainsScanning EM - Visualisation from electrons scattering off metal-coated surface.

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6
Q

What advantage does light microscopy have over electron microscopy?

A

Light microscopy can be used with sensitive highly specific stains on individual cells

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7
Q

How are cells visible in light microscopy?

A

They are transparent, need stains or optical tricks

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8
Q

What is the difference between bright field LM and fluorescence LM?

A

Bright field LM needs dense stains which are incompatible with living cells and have low specificity.Fluorescence LM allows greater sensitivity and more precise localisation

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9
Q

What does immunofluorescence mean?

A

The use of sensitive highly specific stains to determine the location of an antibody or antigen (labelling with a fluorescent dye)

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10
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA packed round histone proteins. Can be transcribed into RNA.

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11
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

A densely staining region where ribosomes are assembled

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12
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

A double membrane structure with pores for transport

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13
Q

What happens in the nucleolus?

A

Ribosomes are assembled

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14
Q

What is the importance of the nucleus?

A

Site of genetic material, transcription and where it’s controlled

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15
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Network occupying much but not all of the cytoplasm, double membrane structure

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16
Q

What is the purpose of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Receives proteins and lipids (fats) from the rough endoplasmic reticulum, modifies some of them and sorts, concentrates and packs them into called vesicles. Depending on the contents these are despatched to one of three destinations:1: within the cell, to organelles called lysosomes.2: the plasma membrane of the cell3: outside of the cell.

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17
Q

Name two significant stages of exocytosis

A

DockingFusion

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18
Q

Where do you find the Golgi apparatus?

A

Single location, near the endoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

What is the purpose of a secretory vesicle?

A

Transporting material FROM Golgi TO cell surface

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20
Q

What is an endosome?

A

Vesicle that formed from material entering cell via endocytosis

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21
Q

Where are coated vesicles found?

A

Throughout cell; near cell surface in relation to endocytosis

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22
Q

Where would material, that has travelled into the cell by endocytosis, be processed initially?

A

Endosomes

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23
Q

Where are endosomes found in eukaryotic cells?

A

Throughout cell including periphery

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24
Q

What is the cell periphery?

A

The part of a cell encompassing the cell cortex, the plasma membrane, and any external encapsulating structures (the outermost boundary of the cell with outer parts included)

25
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

The main waste disposal location; major site of degradation. A.K.A The suicide sac of the cell

26
Q

What is the difference between lysosomes and endosomes in terms of location?

A

Lysosomes would be more central in the cell than endosomes which are thoughout the cell, including the cell periphery

27
Q

Where are secretory vesicles found?

A

Throughout the cell

28
Q

What is the purpose of secretory vesicles?

A

To transport material from the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface

29
Q

What is the purpose of the sER?

A

A ‘factory’ that manufactures many of the products that a cell needs to function;associated with the production and metabolism of fats and steroid hormones

30
Q

What is the process of glycosylation?

A

Adding a polysaccharide chain to something (e.g. proteins and lipids)

31
Q

What are organelles of the exocytic pathway?

A

rER (protein synthesis) —> Golgi apparatus (Modification, packaging etc.) —>Small transport vesicles —> Various possible destinations from ‘trans’ face of Golgi

32
Q

After proteins have been made, modified and packaged where couldthey go?

A

Plasma membrane/Secretory granules

33
Q

What is regulated secretion?

A

Vesicles from the Golgi fuse and dock at the cell membrane to form secretory vesicles.A signal is received within the cell causing the secretory vesicles to completethe secretion process via exocytosis

34
Q

What is the alternative to regulated secretion?

A

Constitutive secretion

35
Q

What is constitutive secretion?

A

First the protein must move through the Golgi apparatus.The protein reaches the cell membrane and completes the secretion process via exocytosis.

36
Q

What form of secretion do eukaryotic cells use and why?

A

All eukaryotic cells use constitutive secretion to maintain their plasma membranes.

37
Q

What is the default form of secretion?

A

Regulatory

38
Q

Secretory granules store substances for which type of secretion?

A

Regulatory

39
Q

What level do viruses infect organisms at?

A

Unicellular level

40
Q

How does viral replication take place?

A

Invasion ‘hiijacks’ part of the endocytic pathway Replication hiijacks normal nucleic acid and protein synthesis pathways Assembly and budding of new viruses exploits the exocytic pathway

41
Q

Why are viruses technically not living organisms?

A

They cannot replicate without exploiting the reproductive mechanisms of a host

42
Q

Why is it hard to develop antiviral drugs?

A

Viruses use normal cellular processes so stopping them would kill lots of body cells (not specific enough)

43
Q

Where are mitochondria found?

A

Throughout the cell (NOT including periphery)

44
Q

What are perixosomes?

A

The site of oxidative reactions with H2O2(H2O2 can then beconverted to H2O and O2 by catalase)

45
Q

Where are perixosomes found?

A

Throughout the cell

46
Q

True or false? Mitochondria are more abundant than perixosomes?

A

True

47
Q

True or false? Mitochondria contains it’s own DNA

A

True (Circular)

48
Q

What is the site of fatty acid metabolism?

A

Peroxisomes

49
Q

What are immediate filaments?

A

Structural components of the cell

50
Q

Where are immediate filaments found in the cell?

A

Throughout

51
Q

Where is actin, an immediate filament, most concentrated in the cell?

A

Near the cell surface

52
Q

Where are microtubules found in a eukaryotic cell?

A

Throughout; extending radially from the centre

53
Q

What is the purpose of centrosomes?

A

the major microtubule-organising centre of the cell

54
Q

Where are centrosomes found?

A

In the cytoplasm outside the nucleus but often near to it.

55
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Cylindrical structures that are composed of groupings of microtubules. They aid in mitosis,possibly involved in spindle assembly during mitosis.

56
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

Filamentous structures throughout the cytoplasm

57
Q

What are the 3 cytoskeletal systems?

A

Actin filaments Intermediate filaments

Microtubules

58
Q

What is the purpose of the cytoskeleton?

A

Generate cell shape Movement Internal organisation

Phase I Medicine (46 decks)

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