Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Phase I Medicine > B1 Foundations of Medicine > Flashcards

B1 Foundations of Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

What is the exocytic pathway?

A

rER (protein synthesis) –> Golgi apparatus (modification) –> Small transport vesicles –>’trans’ face of Golgi –> plasma membrane/ secretory granules/ Other organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the alternative to regulated secretion?

A

Constitutive secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is glycosylation?

A

Adding a polysaccharide chain to lipid/ protein etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are secretory granules

A

Organelles that store substances for regulated secretion in response to a signal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

A vesicle with enzymes that can break down stuff - waste disposal system of cell. a.k.a suicide sacs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Why is patient centred care important?

A
  • Explores patient’s main reason for visit, concerns and need for info
  • Seek integrated understanding of patient’s world
  • Find common ground on what the problem is and how to deal with it
  • Enhances prevention and health promotion
  • Enhances relationship between patient and doctor
  • Realistic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the sick role of the patient?

A
  • Must want to get well as quickly as possible
  • Seek professional medical advice and co-operate with doctor
  • Allowed/ expected to shed some normal activities and responsiblities
  • Regarded as being in need of care and unable to get better by his/her will
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the expectations of the doctor regarding ‘the sick role’?

A
  • Apply high degree of skill and knowledge to problems of illness
  • Act for welfare of patient and community rather than self interest
  • Be objective and emotionally detached
  • Be guided by rules of professional practise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the rights of thedoctor in relation to ‘the sick role’?

A
  • Examining patients physically and enquire into intimate areas of physical and personal life
  • Considerable autonomy in professional practise
  • Occupies position of authority in relation to the patient
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the models of clinical decision making?

A
  • Professional choice
  • Shared decision making
  • Consumer choice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the difference between ‘professional’ and ‘consumer choice’ decision making models?

A

Professional - Clinician decides, patient consentsConsumer - Clinician informs, patient decides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the definition of patient-centred care?

A

Health care that is closely congruent with and responsive to patient’s wants, needs and preferences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is opportunity cost?

A

Making a choice as a clinician - the value of what you give up for one patient when you make a treatment decision for another patient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What point on the ‘Flat of Curve’ graph is ideal?

A

A (Beginning)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the most important thing in explaining variation in costs? Increasing age or number of conditions?

A

Number of conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Who is involved in management of funds?

A

Department of Health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What groups are involved in purchasing goods in the NHS?

A

CCGs- Clinical Commissioning Groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

True or False? There is no such thing as a free market?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is demand inversely related to in markets?

A

Price

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is supply positively related to?

A

Price

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When would the market be in equilibrium?

A

When demand is equal to supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Why is opportunity cost important?

A

Resources are always scarce.

23
Q

What is ethics?

A

The study of what makes an action right, wrong or permissible.Also concerned with what character traits are the right ones to develop.

24
Q

What is meta-ethics?

A

Study of the meaning of moral concepts

25
Q

What is nominative ethics/ moral theory?

A

Study of the means of deciding what action is the right one

26
Q

What is applied ethics?

A

The application of moral theory and principles to actual cases/ real life issues

27
Q

What two types of ethics is medical ethics mostly concerned with?

A

Nominative ethicsApplied ethics

28
Q

True or false? Ethics in medicine is ubiquitous - every decision made will require some ethical justification

A

True

29
Q

What are the three main types of moral theory?

A

ConsequentialismDeontologyVirtue Ethics

30
Q

What is consequentialism?

A

One of the main types of moral theory; the rightness of the action is determined by the desirability of the consequences that result from the action

31
Q

What is ‘act utilitarianism’?

A

An influential consequentialist theory. The right action is always the one that maximises overall happiness

32
Q

What is preference satisfaction?

A

Form of utilitarianism that promotes the action that fulfills the preference of those involved.This doesn’t necessarily maximise happiness.

33
Q

What is deontology?

A

Duty-based ethicsActs are right if they accord with the system of rules or duties. (e.g. The Ten Commandments)Not right because of the virtue of their consequences.

34
Q

What is virtue ethics?

A

The right act is the one a virtuous person would perform in the circumstances.Virtues are the character traits and dispositions needed for human flourishing. (E.g. compassion)

35
Q

What is the opposite of a virtue?

A

Vice

36
Q

What is the four principles approach?

A

Beuchamp and ChildressAutonomyBenevolenceNon-MaleficenceJustice

37
Q

What does the prinicple of justice mean in practice?

A

Society provides a minimal but decent level of health care for allEnsure health care resources and services are distributed in a fair and equitable (non-discriminatory) way

38
Q

What does ‘prima facie’ mean?

A
  • At first appearance/ sight - not absolute obligations
  • Fact assumed to be true unless trumped
    Each one of the four principles should be followed unless it conflicts with an equal/ stronger moral obligation
39
Q

What is the consequential reason for autonomy being important?

A

Generally leads to better consequences or outcomes for patientsE.g more likely to trust doctors if they are more centrally involved in the decision-making process

40
Q

What is the deontologist reason for autonomy?

A

According to Kant we should respect people’s autonomy because by doing so we treat people as ends and notas means to an end (more virtuous)

41
Q

What is a negative obligation in relation to autonomy?

A

Autonomous actions should not be subjected to controlling constraints by others.E.g. Patients should not be under the pressure of others, like family, to make a certain decision

42
Q

What is a positive obligation in relation to autonomy?

A

Respectful treatment in disclosing information and actions that foster autonomous decision making

43
Q

What is always required before treating patients?

A

Valid consent

44
Q

True or false? Patient confidentiality ties into the principle of autonomy

A

True

45
Q

What is important with consent?

A

CapacityUnderstandWeigh UpCommunicate

46
Q

What are the things that need to be understood for a best interests assessment?

A

NeedsPrioritiesConcernsValues(Going beyond what medical expertise alone can tell you)

47
Q

What are the main difficulties in assessing best interests?

A
  • Future uncertain- hard to predict long term effects of the intervention
  • When weighing conflicting goods
  • Own emotional attachments distort views about what is in a person’s best interests
  • Doctor’s and patients views may be conflicting
48
Q

What is paternalism?

A

Interference with a person’s freedom of action or freedom of information for their own goodThe deliberate dissemination of misinformation justified by reasons referring to the welfare, good, happiness, needs, etc. of the patientCan concern coercion

49
Q

Is paternalism accepted today?

A

Almost universally unacceptable

50
Q

What are exceptions to the anti-paternalistic way of treating a patient?

A

Withholding informatoon relevant to treatment decision where sharing this information is likely to lead to serious harm of the patientTreatment of infants and children, patients who lack capacity and mentally ill adult patients who satisfy legal criteria for compulsory detainment and treatment

51
Q

True or false? A doctor is not required to always give treatment?

A

True- If the doctor considers such treatment would provide no clinical benefit

52
Q

True or false? By law patients are allowed to make ‘unwise’ decisions

A

True- Provided they’re in their right mind and communicate reasoning

53
Q

True or false? ‘Best interests’ and ‘autonomy’ mean the same thing?

A

False - Autonomy means that the action plansthe doctor creates with the patient may not necessarily be in the patients best interests - They have the right to refuse treatment

54
Q

What are pseudopods?

A

Temporary or semipermanent extension/ projection of a cytoplasm

Phase I Medicine (46 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions