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Phase I Medicine > B2 Anatomy of the Heart > Flashcards

B2 Anatomy of the Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the heart in the body?

A

Thorax

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2
Q

How big is the heart?

A

In adulthood about the size of one’s own fist

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3
Q

Where does the apex of the heart point towards?

A

Left nipple

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4
Q

Where is the right side of the heart located?

A

between third and sixth costal cartilages (at sternal angles)

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5
Q

Where is the apex of the heart located?

A

5th intercostal space, mid clavicular line

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6
Q

What fraction of the heart is on the left side of the heart?

A

2/3

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7
Q

Which vertebra does the heart start on?

A

T5

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8
Q

Which vertebra does the heart end at?

A

T8

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9
Q

What is the the heart tissue known as?

A

Pericardium

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10
Q

What is serous pericardium made from?

A

Parietal pericardium

Visceral pericardium

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11
Q

What is the heart muscle actually made from?

A

Visceral pericardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

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12
Q

Where is fibrous pericardium?

A

The outermost layer of the pericardium

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13
Q

What is between the visceral and parietal pericardium?

A

Pericardial cavity

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14
Q

Where is the endocardium?

A

Lining the ventricles and atria

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15
Q

What type of cavity is the pericardial cavity?

A

A potential space

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16
Q

What is the appearance of parietal pericardium?

A

Shiny

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17
Q

What is the posterior surface of the heart in its anatomical position?

A

Left atrium

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18
Q

What part of the heart forms the apex?

A

Left ventricle

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19
Q

What is the part of the heart in contact with the sternal surface?

A

Left ventricle

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20
Q

What is the part of the heart in contact with the diaphragm?

A

Left ventricle/ Right ventricle

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21
Q

What is the surface in contact with the diaphragm known as?

A

Diaphragmatic surface

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22
Q

What is the surface in contact with the left lung known as?

A

Left pulmonary border

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23
Q

What is the right border of the heart?

A

Right atrium and superior vena cava

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24
Q

What is the left border of the heart?

A

Left ventricle
Left auricle
Pulmonary trunk
Aortic arch

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25
Q

Why is knowing the radiological borders of the heart important?

A

You’ll be able to know the locations of pathology when the border gets distorted

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26
Q

What are the purposes of the atria?

A

To fill the ventricles

To set the cardiac pace

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27
Q

What is the pace of the atria contracting?

A

> 60bpm

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28
Q

What is the sinus venarum?

A

The smooth area of the right atrium

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29
Q

What is the musculi pectini

A

The rough area of the right atrium

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30
Q

What is the sulcus terminalis?

A

The groove on the outside of the heart which marks the location of the SAN

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31
Q

What is the crista terminalis?

A

A ridge on the inside of the heart that separates the smooth area from the rough area and contains the SAN

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32
Q

What is the fossa ovalis?

A

A hole in the septum of the heart in fetal circulation

33
Q

Where would you find the septum of the heart?

A

Between the left and right sides of the heart

34
Q

True or false? The left atrium forms one of the borders of the heart?

A

False

35
Q

Is the left side of the heart thicker than the right side of the heart?

A

Yes

36
Q

Why is one side of the heart thicker than the other?

A

To pump over greater area and against gravity.

37
Q

Without the SAN, how quickly can the ventricles pump?

A

Maximum 40bpm

38
Q

What are trabeculae carnae?

A

‘ridges of meat’; lumps all over the place

39
Q

What are cordae tendinae?

A

Tendinous cords

40
Q

Where are trabeculae carnae?

A

Right ventricle

41
Q

Where are cordae tendinae?

A

Right ventricle

42
Q

What is the function of cordae tendinae?

A

Stops backflow of blood by holding valves down.

43
Q

What are papillary muscles?

A

Muscles in the right ventricle of the heart

44
Q

Why are papillary muscles important?

A

Contracts to close valves by pulling on the cusps

45
Q

What is the trabeculum septomarginalis?

A

A moderator band that the right bundle of His travels through

46
Q

What is the infundibulum?

A

Smooth funnel-like pathway leading to the pulmonary artery in the right ventricle

47
Q

Which of the two ventricles does the septum project into?

A

The right ventricle

48
Q

What does papillary muscle infarction result in?

A

Regurgitation/ ejection at the point when ventricular pressure is greater than the cordae tendinae can control

49
Q

What is the only valve that isn’t tricuspid?

A

Left AV - Mitral

50
Q

What plane do all of the cardiac valves roughly lie in?

A

Almost sagittal plane behind sternum

51
Q

Why can’t you directly auscultate the valves?

A
  1. They’re behind the sternum
  2. Chamber into which the valve opens is closer than the valves
  3. Better and easier to distinguish the sounds by auscultating the direction of flow.
52
Q

What is the direction of flow across the aortic valve?

A

Superior and lateral to the valve - left side of sternum

53
Q

What is the direction of flow across the pulmonary valve?

A

Superior but contralateral to the aortic valve

54
Q

What is the direction of flow across the tricuspid valve?

A

Towards the apex of the heart

55
Q

What is the direction of flow across the mitral valve?

A

At the apex of the heart

56
Q

How can you determine pathology though auscultation?

A

The auscultatory regions will move if affected by something

57
Q

Where do the heart’s sinuses drain into?

A

Coronary arteries

58
Q

Where is the right coronary artery in relation to the sinus?

A

Comes off the anterior sinus

59
Q

Where is the left coronary artery in relation to the sinus?

A

Comes off the posterior sinus

60
Q

What are the correct names for the sinuses?

A

One anterior; two posterior

61
Q

Are there left, right and posterior sinuses?

A

No - these are incorrect anatomically

62
Q

What is special about coronary artery filling?

A

They only fill when valves are closed and blood rushes back from the aorta to fill them (diastole) - don’t fill when the heart ejects its blood

63
Q

Why do coronary arteries fill weirdly?

A
  1. They are not positioned where the flow of blood would be in systole.
  2. The pressure is too high for there to be enough blood filling for them
64
Q

When the heart muscle is contracting, what happens to the capillary bed?

A

It closes off

65
Q

Where can you find coronary arteries?

A

Next to the coronary sinuses

On the surface of the heart

66
Q

What is the purpose of the coronary arteries?

A

They supply the heart muscle

67
Q

How do the coronary sinuses distribute supplying and draining the heart?

A

They equally supply and drain the heart

68
Q

Where is the coronary sinus?

A

the coronary groove between the left atrium and left ventricle.

69
Q

Where does the coronary sinus drain into?

A

The coronary sinus opens into the right atrium between the openings of the inferior vena cava and the tricuspid valve

70
Q

What is the obtuse marginal artery?

A

A branch of the left circumflex artery which travels towards the apex of the heart

71
Q

What are the accompaniments to coronary arteries?

A

Cardiac veins

72
Q

What are the different cardiac veins?

A

Great
Middle
Small

73
Q

What does the great cardiac vein accompany?

A

Anterior interventricular artery

74
Q

What does the middle cardiac vein accompany?

A

Posterior interventricular artery

75
Q

What does the small vein accompany?

A

Marginal artery

76
Q

Where do oblique veins come off of?

A

Left atrium

77
Q

Where do veins (exc. veni cordis minimi) drain blood?

A

Into the coronary sinus which drains into the right atrium

78
Q

Where do veni cordis minimi drain into?

A

The chamber nearest to them

79
Q

What is the average heart rate of an adult?

A

72bpm

Phase I Medicine (46 decks)

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