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Phase I Medicine > B4 Anaemia > Flashcards

B4 Anaemia Flashcards

1
Q

What qualities of RBCs are looked at on microscope slides?

A

Shape
Size
Colour

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2
Q

What does anaemia mean?

A

Lack of blood

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3
Q

True or false? Lack of Hb can result in anaemia?

A

True

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4
Q

What is the most precious blood group?

A

Type O

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5
Q

What is the easiest blood group to replace?

A

AB+

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6
Q

For blood types, what does the +/ - refer to?

A

Rhesus

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7
Q

What would happen if the wrong blood group was administered to a patient?

A

Coagulation from antibodies attacking surface antigens.

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8
Q

What is the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

The relationship between oxygen partial pressures and oxygen binding to haemoglobin

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9
Q

What is P50?

A

A conventional measure of hemoglobin affinity for oxygen.

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10
Q

What happens to the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve if P50 increases?

A

It shifts to the right

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11
Q

What does an increase in temperature do to the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

It shifts to the right

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12
Q

What does an increase in pH do to the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve?

A

It shifts to the left

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13
Q

What is the Bohr effect?

A

Oxygen binding affinity is inversely related both to acidity and to the concentration of carbon dioxide.

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14
Q

What is the Haldane effect?

A

Deoxygenation of the blood increases Hb’s ability to carry carbon dioxide.

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15
Q

What does oxygenation of Hb mean for carbon dioxide binding?

A

Less carbon dioxide can bind to Hb

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16
Q

Where can a ‘double Bohr Effect’ be seen?

A

Fetal Haemoglobin

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17
Q

What is methaemoglobin?

A

Haemoglobin that is ferric (Fe3+ instead of Fe2+)

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18
Q

What is the problem with methaemoglobin?

A

It doesn’t like to give up its oxygen

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19
Q

What do patients with methaemoglobin present with?

A

Difficulty breathing

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20
Q

What is carboxyhaemoglobin?

A

Haemoglobin that has a much higher affinity for carbon monoxide than it does oxygen

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21
Q

How much higher is the affinity of Hb for carbon dioxide in carboxyhaemoglobin?

A

218 times

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22
Q

What is the problem with carboxyhaemoglobin?

A

It’s nearly impossible to replace carbon monoxide with oxygen on haemoglobin once it has been bound

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23
Q

Where is carboxyhaemoglobin especially a problem?

A

Gas stoves/ Kitchens

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24
Q

What is the relationship between kidney disease and RBC production?

A

Kidneys produce EPO which is necessary for RBC production in bone marrow

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25
Q

What are the reasons for anaemia?

A 
	Infiltration
	Infection
	Inflammation
	Poor diet
	Malabsorption- problems taking up the building blocks
	Increased consumption- parasites 
	Hereditary
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26
Q

What is the assumed cause of athlete’s anaemia?

A

Iron deficiency

27
Q

What is the grading system for haemorrhaging?

28
Q

What is desanguination?

A

State of decreased blood volume

29
Q

What is the main reason for desanguination?

A

Decrease in blood plasma

30
Q

What is exsanguination?

A

Severe loss of blood

31
Q

What is haemoptysis?

A

Coughing up blood

32
Q

What is hematemesis?

A

Vomiting blood

33
Q

Where does hematemesis usually occur?

A

From upper GI tract above suspensory muscle of duodenum

34
Q

What does ‘sanguine’ usually refer to?

35
Q

What is epistaxis?

A

A nose bleed

36
Q

What is haematochesia?

A

Pooping blood

37
Q

What is melaena?

A

Making dark, sticky foeces containing partially digested blood.

38
Q

What is the cause of melaena?

A

Internal bleeding/ swallowing blood

39
Q

What does menorrhagia usually refer to?

40
Q

What is haematuria?

A

Weeing blood

41
Q

Where is the mutation in sickle cell anaemia?

A

Beta chain

42
Q

What type of genetic disorder is thalassaemia?

A

Autosomal recessive

43
Q

What is occult bleeding?

A

Bleeding that isn’t visible to the patient or physician

44
Q

What types of blood tests may be done for patients with suspected anaemia?

A

Ferritin
Iron studies
Total iron binding capacity

45
Q

What is the difference between iron deficiency anasemia and thalassaemia?

A

Iron deficiency anaemia is more hypochromic

46
Q

List some sources of iron?

A 
Dark-green leafy vegetables
Iron-fortified cereals
Wholegrains
Beans
Nuts
Meat
Apricots
Prunes
Chickpeas
Raisins
Iron Tablets
47
Q

What stops iron being absorbed into the diet?

A 
Iron being ferrous
Tea and coffee
Calcium
Anatacids
PPIs
Phytic acid
48
Q

Where can you find dietary phytic acid?

A

Wholegrain cereals

49
Q

Aside from having larger RBCs what is another mark of megaloblastic anaemia?

A

Multinucleated neutrophil

50
Q

What are the common causes of macrocytic anaemia?

A

Deficiency of folate

Deficiency of B12

51
Q

How is vitamin B12 deficiency caused?

A

Malabsorption caused by pernicious anaemia

52
Q

How is folate deficiency usually caused?

A

Diet

Increased requirements in pregnancy

53
Q

Why are B12 and folate needed to produce DNA?

A

To produce THF

54
Q

How does B12 make THF?

A

Converts methyl THF into THF

55
Q

How does folate make THF?

A

Converts dUMP into dTMP

These are building blocks of THF

56
Q

What neurological condition can B12 deficiency cause?

A

Subacute degeneration of the spinal cord

57
Q

What class of drug is methotrexate?

58
Q

How does methotrexate work?

A

Blocks production of THF by inhibiting folate; slows down rapidly dividing drugs

59
Q

What do you need to give patients if you’re giving them methotrexate?

A

Supplementary folate

60
Q

List some causes of B12 and folate deficiency?

A 
Malnutrition and malabsorption
Poverty
Pregancy
Drugs
Pernicious Anaemia
Gastrectomy
Small bowel disease
etc.
61
Q

What is pernicious anaemia?

A

Deficiency of gastric intrinsic factor (GIF)

62
Q

How is pernicious anaemia caused?

A

Autoantibodies produced against parietal cells and intrinsic factor

63
Q

What can you do to assess the type of anaemia a patient has?

A 
Test:
Blood pressure
Respiratory rate
Oximetry
Blood gas
Colour of blood
Foecal occult
Full blood count
Blood film
Bone marrow
64
Q

What does a blood film with lots of reticulocytes in it mean?

A

So many cells are being made in the bone marrow that they’re being pushed out before fully maturing.

Phase I Medicine (46 decks)

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