Blood & Circulation

Question 1

What are the fluid compartments within the body?

Answer 1

Intracellular fluidInterstitial fluidBlood plasmaTranscellular compartmentsExternal compartments

Question 2

What are examples of transcellular fluid compartments?

Answer 2

Cerebrospinar fluid (CSF)Synovial fluid

Question 3

What are examples of external compartments?

Answer 3

Gastrointesinal tractBladder

Question 4

What are the consequences of fluid imbalance?

Answer 4

Too much - OedemaToo little - Dizziness, Eventual drop in blood pressure + coma

Question 5

What are the most important fluid compartments?

Answer 5

Intracellular and extracellular

Question 6

What does blood contain

Answer 6

Cells suspended in a protein rich liquid

Question 7

What is blood plasma?

Answer 7

A protein rich liquid

Question 8

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

Answer 8

Serum has liquid left after a clot has formed, plasma does not

Question 9

What is the ratio of cells to plasma in blood?

Answer 9

45% cells; 55% plasma

Question 10

How is the the contents of blood measured?

Answer 10

Haematocrit (Hct) or Packed Cell Volume (PCV)

Question 11

What technique was used to obtain the reference ranges for the ratio of cells to plasma in blood?

Answer 11

Centrifuging

Question 12

What is more dense? plasma or red blood cells?

Answer 12

red blood cells

Question 13

What are erythrocytes?

Answer 13

Red blood cells

Question 14

What is the most abundant type of blood cell?

Answer 14

Erythrocytes / RBCs

Question 15

What is the abundance of erythrocytes?

Answer 15

99.8% of all blood cells

Question 16

What are the main properties of erythrocytes?

Answer 16

No nucleus, no organelles, packed with haemoglobin, biconcave disc morphology

Question 17

What is the most abundance white blood cell?

Answer 17

Neutrophils

Question 18

What are leukocytes?

Answer 18

White blood cells

Question 19

What are polymorphonuclear leukocytes?

Answer 19

Neutrophils

Question 20

What are the properties of neutrophils?

Answer 20

Highly motile, phagocytic, bacteriocidal

Question 21

What is the first defence against infection in the blood?

Answer 21

Neutrophils

Question 22

What is the second most abundance type of white blood cell?

Answer 22

Lymphocytes

Question 23

What is the difference between leukocytes and lymphocyes?

Answer 23

Leukocytes= WBCs (general name)Lymphocytes = Specific WBCs of which there are various types.

Question 24

What is the importance of lymphocytes?

Answer 24

They are involved in the adaptive immune response

Question 25

What is a monocyte?

Answer 25

A phagocytic cell involved in the immune response.When it migrates into tissues it is known as macrophage

Question 26

What is the difference between monocytes and macrophages?

Answer 26

Location : Monocytes are found in the blood. Migration of monocytes into tissue causes them to be known as macrophages.

Question 27

What is a eosinophil?

Answer 27

A secretory cell, important in the defence against parasites

Question 28

What is a basophil?

Answer 28

Very similar to a eosinophil, it is a secretory cell important against parasites.It is also implicated in allergy

Question 29

What is the difference between a basophil and mast cell?

Answer 29

Location: Basophils are in the bloodWhen basophils migrate into tissues, they are known as mast cells

Question 30

What are platelets?

Answer 30

Subcellular fragments involved in blood clotting

Question 31

True or false? There is more potassium inside of cells than outside?

Answer 31

TRUE

Question 32

True or false? There is more calcium outside of the cell than inside?

Answer 32

TRUE

Question 33

True or false? There is more -PO43- inside the cell than outside?

Answer 33

TRUE

Question 34

True or false? There is more protein outside of the cell than inside?

Answer 34

FALSE

Question 35

True or false? There is a higher osmolarity inside the cell than outside?

Answer 35

FALSE - the osmolarities are the same

Question 36

What are the measures of solute particles?

Answer 36

Osmolarity and Osmolaltity

Question 37

What is the difference between osmolarity and tonicity?

Answer 37

Osmolarity - physical definition- concentration of solute paticles (does not necessarily affect cell volume)Tonicity - Practical definition- strength of solution, has an affect on cell volume

Question 38

What is the function of the kidneys?

Answer 38

Allows selective excretion of salts and water to maintain equilibruim (cleans blood)

Question 39

What is the location of blood filtration?

Answer 39

Glomerulus

Question 40

What is the location of solute reabsorption?

Answer 40

The proximal tubule

Question 41

What is the location of electrolyte reabsorption?

Answer 41

Loop of Henle

Question 42

The distal tubule regulates ion content. What is it controlled by?

Answer 42

Mineralcorticoids

Question 43

The collecting duct controls the reabsorption of water. What is it controlled by?

Answer 43

Vasopressin

Question 44

Where is urine stored?

Answer 44

The bladder

Question 45

What is paracellular movement?

Answer 45

Movement of substances through the clefts between cells

Question 46

What epithelium are blood vessels lined by?

Answer 46

Endothelium - simple squamous

Question 47

When is the problem of fluid imbalance common?

Answer 47

Movement of fluid in and out of interstitial spaces

Question 48

What are the important regions of a capillary bed?

Answer 48

Arterial and venous sides

Question 49

What are the major forces causing fluid movements?

Answer 49

Hydrostatic pressureOsmotic pressure

Question 50

What is hydrostatic pressure?

Answer 50

Pressure within vessels. It tends to push fluid out of the venous end.

Question 51

 At the arterial end of the capillary bed how is fluid moved from plasma to tissue?

Answer 51

Hydrostatic force > Osmotic force

Question 52

At the venous end of the capillary bed, how is fluid moved from tissue to plasma?

Answer 52

Osmotic force > Hydrostatic force

Question 53

What is the net movement of the arterial end of the capillary bed?

Answer 53

Plasma to tissue

Question 54

What is the net movement of the venous end of the capillary bed?

Answer 54

Tissue to plasma

Question 55

Where does excess fluid in tissues drain to?

Answer 55

Lymphatic vessels

Question 56

Where do lymphatic vessels ultimately drain into?

Answer 56

Veins

Question 57

What is the purpose of lymph nodes

Answer 57

Pit stops of lymphatic vesselsLymph is filteredLymphocytes are formed

Question 58

What is an oedema?

Answer 58

Excessive accumulation of extracellular fluid

Question 59

What are possible factors of oedema?

Answer 59

Hydrostatic pressure too high on arterial side Hydrostatic pressure too high on venuous side  Osmotic pressures insufficient Vessel permeability too high on arterial side Lymphatic drainage inadequate Anything resulting in greater lymph in tissues

Question 60

What is elephantitis?

Answer 60

Blockage of lymph nodes Due to filiariasis

Question 61

What are reticulocytes?

Answer 61

Immature RBCs, no nucleus

Question 62

What colour do basophils stain?

Answer 62

Blue/ Purple?

Question 63

What colour do eusinophils stain?

Answer 63

Red/ Orange