B6 Behavioural Theories

Question 1

From an evolutionary perspective, why do people get anxious?

Answer 1

Fearful people survive and pass on their genes

Question 2

What are the psychological symptoms of anxiety?

Answer 2

Headaches, pain, fatigue
Hyperventilation - dizziness, tingling fingers and toes
Sympathetic over-activity - Sweating, pale skin, dry mouth, butterflies, nausea, loose stools

Question 3

What are the psychological symptoms of anxiety?

Answer 3

CNS: Poor concentration, memory, feeling unreal
Mood: Fear, panic, worry, on edge, irritable
Thoughts of future danger/losing control/worry

Question 4

What are unhealthy behaviours associated with anxiety?

Answer 4

Pacing, maladaptive coping mechanisms, avoiding, safety behaviours, seeking reassurance for health

Question 5

What are treatments for anxiety?

Answer 5

Education
Relaxation
CBT
SSRIs
Benzodiazepines

Question 6

What is learning?

Answer 6

Relatively permanent change in behaviour resulting from an experience

Question 7

Why do we learn?

Answer 7

Enables us to adapt to environment -> survival

Question 8

What is the neuronal basis of learning?

Answer 8

More axonal connections between neurons

Increased efficiency of neurotransmitter release across synapse

Question 9

List some different types of learning?

Answer 9

Associative
Vicarious
Factual transmission
Complex

Question 10

What is associative learning?

Answer 10

Linking certain events together

Question 11

What is vicarious learning?

Answer 11

Learning by direct observation

Question 12

What is factual transmission?

Answer 12

Passing on facts

Question 13

What are examples of complex learning?

Answer 13

Social learning

Emotional intelligence

Question 14

What is the theme of classical conditioning?

Answer 14

Somebody can be trained to think that A reliably predicts B

Question 15

Is the subjective of classical conditioning active or passive?

Answer 15

Passive

Question 16

What is another name for classical conditioning?

Answer 16

Respondent learning

Question 17

What is another name for operant conditioning?

Answer 17

Instrumental learning

Question 18

What is the theme behind operant conditioning?

Answer 18

Some can learn that a particular response predicts an event

Question 19

Is operant conditioning an active or passive process?

Answer 19

Active

Question 20

What is positive reinforcement?

Answer 20

Adding something good

Maintains/increases the same behaviour

Question 21

What is negative reinforcement?

Answer 21

Taking away something bad

Maintains/increases the same behaviour

Question 22

What is punishment?

Answer 22

Adding something bad

Stops/reduces the behaviour

Question 23

Extinction

Answer 23

Taking away something good

Stops/reduces the behaviour

Question 24

Which type of conditioning explains the origin of phobias?

Answer 24

Classical

Question 25

What type of conditioning explains the maintenance of phobias?

Answer 25

Operant

Question 26

Where is conditioning applied?

Answer 26

``` Parenting CBT Teaching Adverts Movies ```

Question 27

How does classical conditioning work?

Answer 27

Pair the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response a few times and the subject will respond to the conditioned stimulus, expecting the conditioned response

Question 28

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 28

Something that automatically elicits a response (typically a reflex) without prior conditioning

Question 29

What is an unconditioned response?

Answer 29

The response to an unconditioned stimulus

Question 30

What is a conditioned stimulus?

Answer 30

Neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response through association with the unconditioned one

Question 31

What is a conditioned response?

Answer 31

A learned response to a stimulus that originally elicited no response from the subject

Question 32

What is the Law of Effect?

Answer 32

Successful behaviour will be repeated

Question 33

For reinforcement techniques to be successful, what must the reinforcer/reward be?

Answer 33

Immediate | Linked to act

Question 34

What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers'?

Answer 34

Primary - Innately desired (e.g. food, shelter) | Secondary - Wanted to make you feel good (e.g. Praise, success)

Question 35

What is continuous reinforcement?

Answer 35

Reinforcement of every single response

Question 36

What is partial reinforcement?

Answer 36

Reinforcement happens but not after every response

Question 37

What are the different types of partial reinforcement?

Answer 37

Fixed Variable Interval Ratio

Question 38

What are ratio schedules?

Answer 38

The consistency of reinforcement depends on the number of responses the subject gives

Question 39

What are interval schedules?

Answer 39

The consistency of reinforcement depends on the time interval that the subject does something

Question 40

What is the difference between fixed and variable reinforcement?

Answer 40

Fixed - predictable | Variable - unpredictable

Question 41

True or false? People work harder under partial reinforcement in comparison to continuous

Answer 41

True

Question 42

True or false? Effort decreases with time/ ratio dependent reinforcement

Answer 42

False

Question 43

Is extinction of a response faster or slower with partial reinforcement?

Answer 43

Slower

Question 44

Is extinction of a response faster or slower with predictable schedules?

Answer 44

Faster

Question 45

What is shaping?

Answer 45

Rewarding behaviours each time the subject gets a little bit closer to their goal

Question 46

What is chaining?

Answer 46

Breaking down difficult tasks into smaller ones and reinforcing the subject each time they complete a task

Question 47

What is a phobia?

Answer 47

A marked and persistent fear triggered by a specific object/ situation

Question 48

What are the 3 types of phobia?

Answer 48

Agoraphobia Social phobia Specific phobia

Question 49

What is the term for some specific fears being innate because they would aid survival?

Answer 49

Biological preparedness

Question 50

What is the best treatment for phobias?

Answer 50

Graded exposure

Question 51

What is avoidance?

Answer 51

Negative reinforcement where the response learned provides a complete escape from an unpleasant situation

Question 52

What is another term for avoidance?

Answer 52

Escape learning

Question 53

What process does graded exposure result in?

Answer 53

Habituation

Question 54

What does S.M.A.R.T stand for?

Answer 54

``` Specific Measurable Achievable Realistic Timed ```

Question 55

What is the vicious circle of depression?

Answer 55

Low mood results in doing less, doing less results in low mood