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Phase I Medicine > B6 Behavioural Theories > Flashcards

B6 Behavioural Theories Flashcards

1
Q

From an evolutionary perspective, why do people get anxious?

A

Fearful people survive and pass on their genes

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2
Q

What are the psychological symptoms of anxiety?

A

Headaches, pain, fatigue
Hyperventilation - dizziness, tingling fingers and toes
Sympathetic over-activity - Sweating, pale skin, dry mouth, butterflies, nausea, loose stools

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3
Q

What are the psychological symptoms of anxiety?

A

CNS: Poor concentration, memory, feeling unreal
Mood: Fear, panic, worry, on edge, irritable
Thoughts of future danger/losing control/worry

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4
Q

What are unhealthy behaviours associated with anxiety?

A

Pacing, maladaptive coping mechanisms, avoiding, safety behaviours, seeking reassurance for health

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5
Q

What are treatments for anxiety?

A 
Education
Relaxation
CBT
SSRIs
Benzodiazepines
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6
Q

What is learning?

A

Relatively permanent change in behaviour resulting from an experience

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7
Q

Why do we learn?

A

Enables us to adapt to environment -> survival

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8
Q

What is the neuronal basis of learning?

A

More axonal connections between neurons

Increased efficiency of neurotransmitter release across synapse

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9
Q

List some different types of learning?

A

Associative
Vicarious
Factual transmission
Complex

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10
Q

What is associative learning?

A

Linking certain events together

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11
Q

What is vicarious learning?

A

Learning by direct observation

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12
Q

What is factual transmission?

A

Passing on facts

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13
Q

What are examples of complex learning?

A

Social learning

Emotional intelligence

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14
Q

What is the theme of classical conditioning?

A

Somebody can be trained to think that A reliably predicts B

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15
Q

Is the subjective of classical conditioning active or passive?

A

Passive

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16
Q

What is another name for classical conditioning?

A

Respondent learning

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17
Q

What is another name for operant conditioning?

A

Instrumental learning

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18
Q

What is the theme behind operant conditioning?

A

Some can learn that a particular response predicts an event

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19
Q

Is operant conditioning an active or passive process?

A

Active

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20
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

Adding something good

Maintains/increases the same behaviour

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21
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

Taking away something bad

Maintains/increases the same behaviour

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22
Q

What is punishment?

A

Adding something bad

Stops/reduces the behaviour

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23
Q

Extinction

A

Taking away something good

Stops/reduces the behaviour

24
Q

Which type of conditioning explains the origin of phobias?

25
Q

What type of conditioning explains the maintenance of phobias?

26
Q

Where is conditioning applied?

A 
Parenting
CBT
Teaching
Adverts
Movies
27
Q

How does classical conditioning work?

A

Pair the conditioned stimulus with the unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response a few times and the subject will respond to the conditioned stimulus, expecting the conditioned response

28
Q

What is an unconditioned stimulus?

A

Something that automatically elicits a response (typically a reflex) without prior conditioning

29
Q

What is an unconditioned response?

A

The response to an unconditioned stimulus

30
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A

Neutral stimulus that comes to elicit a response through association with the unconditioned one

31
Q

What is a conditioned response?

A

A learned response to a stimulus that originally elicited no response from the subject

32
Q

What is the Law of Effect?

A

Successful behaviour will be repeated

33
Q

For reinforcement techniques to be successful, what must the reinforcer/reward be?

A

Immediate

Linked to act

34
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary reinforcers’?

A

Primary - Innately desired (e.g. food, shelter)

Secondary - Wanted to make you feel good (e.g. Praise, success)

35
Q

What is continuous reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement of every single response

36
Q

What is partial reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement happens but not after every response

37
Q

What are the different types of partial reinforcement?

A

Fixed
Variable
Interval
Ratio

38
Q

What are ratio schedules?

A

The consistency of reinforcement depends on the number of responses the subject gives

39
Q

What are interval schedules?

A

The consistency of reinforcement depends on the time interval that the subject does something

40
Q

What is the difference between fixed and variable reinforcement?

A

Fixed - predictable

Variable - unpredictable

41
Q

True or false? People work harder under partial reinforcement in comparison to continuous

42
Q

True or false? Effort decreases with time/ ratio dependent reinforcement

43
Q

Is extinction of a response faster or slower with partial reinforcement?

44
Q

Is extinction of a response faster or slower with predictable schedules?

45
Q

What is shaping?

A

Rewarding behaviours each time the subject gets a little bit closer to their goal

46
Q

What is chaining?

A

Breaking down difficult tasks into smaller ones and reinforcing the subject each time they complete a task

47
Q

What is a phobia?

A

A marked and persistent fear triggered by a specific object/ situation

48
Q

What are the 3 types of phobia?

A

Agoraphobia
Social phobia
Specific phobia

49
Q

What is the term for some specific fears being innate because they would aid survival?

A

Biological preparedness

50
Q

What is the best treatment for phobias?

A

Graded exposure

51
Q

What is avoidance?

A

Negative reinforcement where the response learned provides a complete escape from an unpleasant situation

52
Q

What is another term for avoidance?

A

Escape learning

53
Q

What process does graded exposure result in?

A

Habituation

54
Q

What does S.M.A.R.T stand for?

A 
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Realistic
Timed
55
Q

What is the vicious circle of depression?

A

Low mood results in doing less, doing less results in low mood

Phase I Medicine (46 decks)

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