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BDS2.5 Applied Biomedical Sciences > Renal System 3 > Flashcards

Renal System 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Where in the nephron is really good at absorption?

A

Top part of proximal tubule

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2
Q

What connects the cortical collecting duct cells?

A

Tight junctions

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3
Q

What ion is in high conc in the lumen?

A

Na

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4
Q

Why does sodium keep moving down its conc gradient into the cortical collecting duct cells?

A

Na high in the lumen

Move down it’s conc gradient into the duct cells and

Back out into the blood vessel by sodium potassium pups

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5
Q

Why is the movement of sodium really important?

A

All transport systems collapse

As usually sodium is coupled with moving other ions

Ischemic damage

Lose homeostasis

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6
Q

Why is blood so salty?

A

Movement of sodium from the lumen to the blood

Down the conc gradient and through the use of pumps

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7
Q

How do you get rid of drugs through kidney?

A

Movement from blood to lumen

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8
Q

As well as na movement, what other movement do we have?

A

Water

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9
Q

What do you call the maximum transport?

A

Transport maxima

e.g. only so much protein and drug you can absorb - the rets is excreted

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10
Q

What does the nerst equation tell us?

A

Resting membrane potential

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11
Q

What ion has the most effect on your membrane potential?

A

intracellular K+

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12
Q

What conc of k causes hyperkalaemia?

A

5.5mmoles/l in ECF

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13
Q

What is the effect of high k concentration?

A

Decrease resting membrane potential of excitable cells and eventually ventricular fibrillation (fast heart - bad blood flow - ineffective) and death

e.g. -90mV to -80mV (less negative)

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14
Q

What conc is hypokalaemia?

A

Under 3.5 mmol/l

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15
Q

What does low k conc cause?

A

Increase resting membrane potential

Hyperplolarise cell! Cardiac cells and nerves

Cardiac arrhythmias and paralysis and death

K leaves cell down its conc gradient

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16
Q

How much waste products do we pee out a day?

A

600 mOsmoles

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17
Q

How much water do we pee out a day?

A

500mls

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18
Q

What occurs in the ascending limb of loop of henle?

A

Sodium co transport

na and cl

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19
Q

What is the descending limb secreting? (Loop of henle)

A

Water only

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20
Q

Why is there no more that 200 is difference between conc gradients?

A

It would create damage to cells if more than 200

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21
Q

What is ADH?

A

Anti-peeing hormone

anti-diuretic hormone

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22
Q

What is ADH also known as?

A

Vasopressin

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23
Q

If you are hydrated to you secrete ADH?

A

No, ADH secretion tuned off

24
Q

What does ADH do?

A

Affect permeability of collecting duct - increase reabsorption

increase hydration

25
Q

What part of the nephron responds to ADH?

A

Collecting duct of nephron

26
Q

What detects decrease in venous, atrial and arterial pressures?

A

Cardiovascular Baroreceptors

27
Q

If your plasma volume drops, what is the effects of ADH?

A

More water reabsorbed in the collecting duct

Aquaporin 2

28
Q

What cells release renin?

A

juxtaglomerular cells of kidney

29
Q

What does ACE enzyme do?

A

Angiotensin I to angiotensin II

30
Q

Where do we see a lot of sodium transport?

A

Collecting duct or proximal tubule

31
Q

What do co-transporters contribute to in the kidney?

A

secondary active transport

32
Q

What is the movement of drugs in the kidney called?

A

secretion

33
Q

What is the CC multiplier?

A

mechanism in the loop of Henle which we make our concentrated urine

reabsorb a lot in the proximal tubule and now another quarter of that in the loop of henle

34
Q

When does water stop moving out in to the interstitium (blood)?

A

when osmolarities are equal

35
Q

due to the ascending limb, is the interstitial fluid hyper or hypoosmotic?

A

hyperosmotic

36
Q

What do desert species have more of?

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

37
Q

What is the significant role of juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

concentrate urine and conserve water

they are long and help reabsorb a lot more stuff

38
Q

What is the role of cortical nephron?

A

shorter

carries out the major part of the regulatory and excretory functions of the human body

39
Q

furosemide?

A

increase urine

40
Q

effect of loop diuretics?

A

block sodium channel in the ascending limb

= pee

41
Q

effect of osmotic diuretics?

A

effect reabsorption - stay in kidney lumen and not back into blood

increase osmotic pressure in kidney

increase urine production

descending limb

42
Q

example of osmotic diuretic?

A

mannitol

43
Q

What is a mild diuretic?

A

thiazide

44
Q

What is a diuretic for the loop area?

A

fusonide

45
Q

Where would thiazide effect?

A

distal tubule

46
Q

Where do potassium diyretcs work?

A

final pat of nephron

late distal tubule/collecting duct

47
Q

Where do carbonic anyhderase inhibitors effect?

A

proximal tubule

48
Q

does ADH have a short or long half-life?

A

short

fie control of water reabsorption

49
Q

What receptor responds to ADH?

A

aquaporin II

in the collecting duct

50
Q

What hormone controls NA reabsorption in the distal tubule?

A

aldosterone

51
Q

What cells surround the afferent arterioles just before the glomerulus?

A

juxtaglomerular cells (JG)

52
Q

Where is the macula densa?

A

distal tubule

53
Q

What cells detect Na conc in blood?

A

macula densa cells in the distal tubule

54
Q

What happens when you retain more Na?

A

bp goes up as you retain more fluid

55
Q

What happens at low GFR?

A

Less sodium into kidney lumen - less can be filtered/secreted

high sodium

high H20 retention

high BP

56
Q

What does aldosterone promote?

A

reabsorption of sodium, sustaining blood volume and pressure in the face of salt deprivation or extracellular fluid depletion

BDS2.5 Applied Biomedical Sciences (48 decks)

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