Renal System 3

Question 1

Where in the nephron is really good at absorption?

Answer 1

Top part of proximal tubule

Question 2

What connects the cortical collecting duct cells?

Answer 2

Tight junctions

Question 3

What ion is in high conc in the lumen?

Answer 3

Na

Question 4

Why does sodium keep moving down its conc gradient into the cortical collecting duct cells?

Answer 4

Na high in the lumen

Move down it’s conc gradient into the duct cells and

Back out into the blood vessel by sodium potassium pups

Question 5

Why is the movement of sodium really important?

Answer 5

All transport systems collapse

As usually sodium is coupled with moving other ions

Ischemic damage

Lose homeostasis

Question 6

Why is blood so salty?

Answer 6

Movement of sodium from the lumen to the blood

Down the conc gradient and through the use of pumps

Question 7

How do you get rid of drugs through kidney?

Answer 7

Movement from blood to lumen

Question 8

As well as na movement, what other movement do we have?

Answer 8

Water

Question 9

What do you call the maximum transport?

Answer 9

Transport maxima

e.g. only so much protein and drug you can absorb - the rets is excreted

Question 10

What does the nerst equation tell us?

Answer 10

Resting membrane potential

Question 11

What ion has the most effect on your membrane potential?

Answer 11

intracellular K+

Question 12

What conc of k causes hyperkalaemia?

Answer 12

5.5mmoles/l in ECF

Question 13

What is the effect of high k concentration?

Answer 13

Decrease resting membrane potential of excitable cells and eventually ventricular fibrillation (fast heart - bad blood flow - ineffective) and death

e.g. -90mV to -80mV (less negative)

Question 14

What conc is hypokalaemia?

Answer 14

Under 3.5 mmol/l

Question 15

What does low k conc cause?

Answer 15

Increase resting membrane potential

Hyperplolarise cell! Cardiac cells and nerves

Cardiac arrhythmias and paralysis and death

K leaves cell down its conc gradient

Question 16

How much waste products do we pee out a day?

Answer 16

600 mOsmoles

Question 17

How much water do we pee out a day?

Answer 17

500mls

Question 18

What occurs in the ascending limb of loop of henle?

Answer 18

Sodium co transport

na and cl

Question 19

What is the descending limb secreting? (Loop of henle)

Answer 19

Water only

Question 20

Why is there no more that 200 is difference between conc gradients?

Answer 20

It would create damage to cells if more than 200

Question 21

What is ADH?

Answer 21

Anti-peeing hormone

anti-diuretic hormone

Question 22

What is ADH also known as?

Answer 22

Vasopressin

Question 23

If you are hydrated to you secrete ADH?

Answer 23

No, ADH secretion tuned off

Question 24

What does ADH do?

Answer 24

Affect permeability of collecting duct - increase reabsorption

increase hydration

Question 25

What part of the nephron responds to ADH?

Answer 25

Collecting duct of nephron

Question 26

What detects decrease in venous, atrial and arterial pressures?

Answer 26

Cardiovascular Baroreceptors

Question 27

If your plasma volume drops, what is the effects of ADH?

Answer 27

More water reabsorbed in the collecting duct Aquaporin 2

Question 28

What cells release renin?

Answer 28

juxtaglomerular cells of kidney

Question 29

What does ACE enzyme do?

Answer 29

Angiotensin I to angiotensin II

Question 30

Where do we see a lot of sodium transport?

Answer 30

Collecting duct or proximal tubule

Question 31

What do co-transporters contribute to in the kidney?

Answer 31

secondary active transport

Question 32

What is the movement of drugs in the kidney called?

Answer 32

secretion

Question 33

What is the CC multiplier?

Answer 33

mechanism in the loop of Henle which we make our concentrated urine reabsorb a lot in the proximal tubule and now another quarter of that in the loop of henle

Question 34

When does water stop moving out in to the interstitium (blood)?

Answer 34

when osmolarities are equal

Question 35

due to the ascending limb, is the interstitial fluid hyper or hypoosmotic?

Answer 35

hyperosmotic

Question 36

What do desert species have more of?

Answer 36

juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 37

What is the significant role of juxtamedullary nephrons?

Answer 37

concentrate urine and conserve water they are long and help reabsorb a lot more stuff

Question 38

What is the role of cortical nephron?

Answer 38

shorter carries out the major part of the regulatory and excretory functions of the human body

Question 39

furosemide?

Answer 39

increase urine

Question 40

effect of loop diuretics?

Answer 40

block sodium channel in the ascending limb = pee

Question 41

effect of osmotic diuretics?

Answer 41

effect reabsorption - stay in kidney lumen and not back into blood increase osmotic pressure in kidney increase urine production descending limb

Question 42

example of osmotic diuretic?

Answer 42

mannitol

Question 43

What is a mild diuretic?

Answer 43

thiazide

Question 44

What is a diuretic for the loop area?

Answer 44

fusonide

Question 45

Where would thiazide effect?

Answer 45

distal tubule

Question 46

Where do potassium diyretcs work?

Answer 46

final pat of nephron late distal tubule/collecting duct

Question 47

Where do carbonic anyhderase inhibitors effect?

Answer 47

proximal tubule

Question 48

does ADH have a short or long half-life?

Answer 48

short fie control of water reabsorption

Question 49

What receptor responds to ADH?

Answer 49

aquaporin II in the collecting duct

Question 50

What hormone controls NA reabsorption in the distal tubule?

Answer 50

aldosterone

Question 51

What cells surround the afferent arterioles just before the glomerulus?

Answer 51

juxtaglomerular cells (JG)

Question 52

Where is the macula densa?

Answer 52

distal tubule

Question 53

What cells detect Na conc in blood?

Answer 53

macula densa cells in the distal tubule

Question 54

What happens when you retain more Na?

Answer 54

bp goes up as you retain more fluid

Question 55

What happens at low GFR?

Answer 55

Less sodium into kidney lumen - less can be filtered/secreted high sodium high H20 retention high BP

Question 56

What does aldosterone promote?

Answer 56

reabsorption of sodium, sustaining blood volume and pressure in the face of salt deprivation or extracellular fluid depletion