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BDS2.5 Applied Biomedical Sciences > General sensation > Flashcards

General sensation Flashcards

1
Q

Name some types of sensory receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Thermorecepors
Nociceptors

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2
Q

What do chemoreceptors detect?

A

pH

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3
Q

What do nocireceptors respond to?

A

Damaging stimuli

Pain when it enters brain

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4
Q

What receptors have free endings?

A

Nociceptors and cold receptors

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5
Q

What is the receptive field?

A

Respond to stimulus over a specific area

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6
Q

What is Meissner corpuscles?

A

consist of a cutaneous nerve ending responsible for transmitting the sensations of fine, discriminative touch and vibration

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7
Q

A-D

A

A = meissners corpuscle
B = merkles corpuscle
C = pacinian corpuscle
D = ruffini corpuscles

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8
Q

What does meissners corpuscle detect?

A

Light touch

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9
Q

What does merkels corpuscle detect?

A

Touch

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10
Q

What does pacinian corpuscle detect?

A

Deep pressure

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11
Q

What does ruffini corpuscle detect?

A

Warmth

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12
Q

What is a pharmacological receptor?

A

Ach receptor

Protein in the posterior-synaptic membrane

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13
Q

What is a physiological receptor?

A

Whole Sensory terminal

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14
Q

What does the size of the receptor potential encode?

A

Intensity of stimulus

E.g. bigger pressure then bigger potential

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15
Q

What encodes the intensity of stimulus through AP?

A

Frequency of firing of AP

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16
Q

What does the location of the receptive field tell us?

A

Location - Which bit if the skin the stimulus came from

Modality - e.g. mechano receptor

Intensity - number of AP Being fired tells you how strong the stimulus was

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17
Q

What is axon hillock called in efferent neurones?

A

Trigger zone

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18
Q
A

A = small receptive field
B = large receptive field

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19
Q

What areas have a small receptive field?

A

Finger tips and mouth

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20
Q

What areas have a high receptive field?

A

Back

Sparse receptive field

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21
Q

What makes your fingers more sensitive?

A

Acuity

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22
Q

What determines acuity?

A

Density if innervation and size of receptive field

The small receptive field neurones! Fingers have small and will activate more than 1 neurone compared to 1 (e.g. back)

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23
Q

What 3 receptors mediate cutaneous sensation?

A

Abeta
Adelta
C

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24
Q

What do the alpha-beta fibres conduct?

A

Large myelinated

Touch,
Reassure
Vibration

25
Q

What do the alpha-delta fibres conduct?

A

Small myelinated

Cold
Fast pain
Pressure

26
Q

What are the small myelinated Afferent fibres?

A

Alpha-delta

27
Q

What do the C fibres conduct?

A

Unmyelinated fibres

Warmth
Slow pain

28
Q

What are the unmyelinated Afferent fibres?

A

C fibres

29
Q

What primary Afferent fibres mediate proprioception?

A

Aalpha
Abeta

30
Q

What are the 2 modes of sensory transmission?

A
  1. Mechanoreceptive Abeta fibres
    Ipsilateral
  2. Thermoreceptive and Nociceptors fibres (A-delta and C)
    Contralateral
31
Q

Where do the mechanoreceptive fibres synapse?

A

Cuneate and gracile nuclei

32
Q

When do the mechanoreceptive fibres cross over the midline?

A

The 2nd order neurones cross over the midline in the brain stem and project to reticular formation, thalamus to cortex

33
Q

Where do the thermoreceptive and Nociceptive fibres synapse?

A

Dorsal horn

34
Q

What tract do the thermoceptive and nociceptove fibres project up?

A

Condrolateral spinothalmic tract to reticular for,action to thalamus to cortex

35
Q

What does damage to Dorsal columns cause?

A

Causes loss of touch, vibration, proprioception below lesion on Ipsilateral side

36
Q

What does damage to anterolateral quadrant cause?

A

Causes loss of Nociception and temperature sensation below lesion on condralateral side

37
Q

Where is the ultimate termination for sensory information?

A

Somatosensory cortex of the post central gyrus

38
Q

What areas have a higher representation in the somatosensory cortex?

A

Finger tips

Density of receptors at each location

39
Q

What is the sensory homunculus?

A

Brains view of the body

40
Q

Can you stimulate sensations along the pathway?

A

Yes, e.g. funny bone stimulates AP from many neurones

41
Q

What does this show?

A

Sensory homunculus

42
Q

What are the levels of processing of sensory innervation?

A

Adaptation
Convergence
Lateral inhibition
Perception

43
Q

What are 2 types of adaptation?

A

Rapidly adapting
Slowly adapting

44
Q

What is the rapidly adapting neurone?

A

After stimulus it stops and gets used to it

45
Q

What is an example of a rapid adaptation?

A

Hat on head

46
Q

What is neural convergence (processing)?

A

Several sensory neurones will synapse on to the same secondary order neurone and it’ll go to cortex

47
Q

What are the pros of convergence?

A

Saves on neurones

48
Q

What are the disadvantages of convergence?

A

Reduces acuity
Underlies referral sensation (e.g. heart attack feel pain in shoulder and arm)

49
Q

What are types of convergence?

A

Specific ascending pathways (same receptor Mechano for example)

Nonspecific (could be a mix of touch and temp…)

50
Q

What is lateral inhibition in processing if sensory information?

A

Activation of a sensory input causes synaptic inhibition of its neighbours

51
Q

What is the advantage of lateral inhibition?

A

Gives better definition boundaries

Cleans up sensory information

52
Q

Why don’t all stimulus enter the brain?

A

Descending inhibitor controls

53
Q

What are the 2 types of inhibition shown here?

A

Pre synaptic and post synaptic

54
Q

What receptor does analgesia inhibit?

A

Nociceptive

55
Q

What are the 2 separate forms of inhibition?

A

Segmental controls
Descending controls

56
Q

What does the segmental controls revolve around?

A

Gate control theory of pain

57
Q

What inhibits the Adelta and C fibres? (Segmental control)

A

Mechanoreceptive fibres going up the dorsal column

The Alpha/beta fibres via the axon collateral

58
Q

Where do the descending inhibits controls come from?

A

Peri-acqueduct grey matter (PAG)

BDS2.5 Applied Biomedical Sciences (48 decks)

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