Renal System 2

Question 1

How does blood enter the kidney?

Answer 1

Renal artery

Afferent arteriole

Question 2

What angle do the small artery branch?

Answer 2

At right angles to form Afferent arterioles

Question 3

What allows the adjustment of filtration rate?

Answer 3

Macula densa

Can adjust filtration

Question 4

What do the efferent arteriole form?

Answer 4

Peritubular capillaries - intimately related to the remaining portion of the tubule

Question 5

What are the vasa recta?

Answer 5

arterioles associated with the juxtamedullary nephron

Question 6

How do the glomerular capillaries compare to normal capillaries?

Answer 6

They are fenestrated

Question 7

What molecules can get through the femestration in the glomerular capillaries?

Answer 7

Plasma and proteins

Question 8

What repels negatively-charged plasma proteins?

Answer 8

Visceral layer of bowman’s capsule organised into specialised cells (podocytes) which carry nergative charge

Allow only protein

Question 9

What processes are regulated towards maintaining water balance?

Answer 9

Urinary losses and thirst

Sweating is controlled as part of temp regulation

Question 10

What are the basic renal processes?

Answer 10

Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion

Question 11

What is the renal process and formation of glomerulus essentially what?

Answer 11

A protein-free filtrate of plasma

Question 12

What processes alter composition of plasma?

Answer 12

Reabsorption and secretion

Question 13

What is the glomerulaf filtration rate?

Answer 13

Very high

125 ML’s/min = 180l/day

Question 14

What is being regulated?

Answer 14

ESF not urine!

Question 15

Where does the long loop of henle go?

Answer 15

Medulla

Question 16

Where do you see filtration?

Answer 16

At the start of the nephron at glomerulus

Question 17

Where do huge amount of Reabsorption occur?

Answer 17

Proximal tubule

Thick ascending lobe of loop of henle

Question 18

Do you get varying amounts of Reabsorption in the nephron?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

What is renal disease linked with?

Answer 19

Cardiovascular disease

Question 20

Why are the kidneys linked to CVD?

Answer 20

due to the huge vascular supply to the kidneys

Drug in blood goes to kidneys and can damage them

Question 21

What is repelled by the negative charges?

Answer 21

WBC
RBC

Question 22

What can fit through the fenestration?

Answer 22

Ions
H2O
Phosphates
Sulphate

Question 23

Where does the remainder of plasma (not filtered) go?

Answer 23

Passes via the efferent arterioles into peritubular capillary and then renal vein

Question 24

What is the GFR? (value)

Answer 24

125 mls per min

Question 25

What is startling forces?

Answer 25

Hydrostatic forces favouring filtration and oncotic pressure forces favouring Reabsorption high oncotic pressure = kidney damage

Question 26

PGC? pressure

Answer 26

Hydrostatic pressure in gloamerula

Question 27

What do hydrostatic pressures favour?

Answer 27

Filtration

Question 28

What opposes filtration?

Answer 28

Fluid pressure in bowmans space Osmotic forces due to protein in plasma

Question 29

What controls PGC? - affects GFR

Answer 29

1. Sympathetic VC nerves - Afferent and efferent constriction 2. Circulating catecholamines- constriction 3. Angiotensin II - constriction , of Efferent at (low), both Afferent and efferent at (high)

Question 30

What does blood pressure generate?

Answer 30

Hydrostatic pressure

Question 31

What is auto regulation?

Answer 31

Responses to changes in arterial BP and thus to keel BF and GFR essentially constant

Question 32

What MBP is autoregulation effective?

Answer 32

60 to 130mmHg

Question 33

At what MBP does filtration cease?

Answer 33

Below 50mmHg

Question 34

What happens to the arterioles when arterial pressure increases?

Answer 34

There is an automatic increase in Afferent arteriolar constriction, preventing rise in glomerular PGC = autoregulation

Question 35

What happens if the arterial pressure decreases?

Answer 35

Dilation in the Afferent arteriolar vessels increase GFR Cause a rise in glomerulaf PGC = autoregulation

Question 36

What is autoregulation independent of?

Answer 36

Nerves and hormones

Question 37

What cells surround capillaries in the glomerusus?

Answer 37

podocytes

Question 38

Role of podocytes?

Answer 38

mesh network filters what can move into the proximal tubule

Question 39

What does the efferent arteriole give rise to in the juxtamedullary nephron?

Answer 39

vasa recta

Question 40

What charge do the podocytes have?

Answer 40

negative - they cab repel the larger molecules e.g. proteins and stop clogging up

Question 41

What are the 3 basic renal processes?

Answer 41

glomerular filtration tubular absorption tubular secretion

Question 42

Where does flirtation occur?

Answer 42

only at the glomerulus

Question 43

What areas are really good at reabsorption?

Answer 43

proximal tubule ascending loop of henle distal tubule does reabsorb but not as much as proximal

Question 44

What does high protein in urine sample mean?

Answer 44

renal failure

Question 45

What does AGII constrict at low conc?

Answer 45

low conc efferent