endocrinology 1

Question 1

What are endocrine glands?

Answer 1

organs or groups of ells which synthesise and secrete hormones and pass them directly into blood

Question 2

Do endocrine glands have ducts?

Answer 2

no

Question 3

Name an exocrine gland?

Answer 3

salivary glands

Question 4

What organ has exocrine and endocrine function?

Answer 4

pancreas

Question 5

Is the hypothalamus a gland or cell?

Answer 5

cluster of neurones

Question 6

Is the anterior pituitary a gland or cells?

Answer 6

gland

Question 7

Is the posterior pituitary gland or cells?

Answer 7

extension of the hypothalamic neurones

Question 8

What is a hormone?

Answer 8

chemical secreted from an endocrine gland (or cell) and travels in the blood to its target organ and mediates a specific effect

Question 9

What are 3 types of hormones?

Answer 9

steroid
peptide
amine

Question 10

Can prolonged activity of hormones be harmful?

Answer 10

yes, tight regulation is important - limitation of hormones is key

Question 11

What happens as glucose levels increase?

Answer 11

insulin increase too

Question 12

What happens if the insulin effects are not switched off/limited?

(unchecked insulin activity)

Answer 12

go into hypoglycaemic state

loss of nervous system function

Question 13

What organs degrade blood hormone?

Answer 13

liver/kidney enzymes

Question 14

How do hormones leave the body?

Answer 14

urine/bile

Question 15

What is the balance of hormones regulated by?

Answer 15

half-life

time needed for conc to half

Question 16

What re ways hormones are prodiuced?

Answer 16

1) chronic/constitutive

i.e. maintains constant conc in the blood

2) acute/stimulated

i.e. episodic release when required

3) cyclic/pulsatile

i.e. shows regular rhythm of release

Question 17

What hormone is produced chronic/constitutively?

Answer 17

thyroid hormone

Question 18

What hormone is released acute/stimulated?

Answer 18

insulin

Question 19

What hormones are released cyclic/pulsatile?

Answer 19

growth hormone

linked to pineal gland - melatonin

Question 20

What does the peak in cyclic/pulsatile hormones correlate to?

Answer 20

physiologically relevant times

e.g. growth development

Question 21

What is the peptide hormone?

Answer 21

a protein

Question 22

What is the parent compound of steroid hormones?

Answer 22

derived form cholesterol

Question 23

What are 2 examples of steroid hormones?

Answer 23

aldosterone

estradiol

Question 24

What are the 2 parent amino acids of amine hormones?

Answer 24

tyrosine and tryptophan

Question 24

What are 2 types of tyrosine backbone amine hormones?

Answer 24

catecholamines

thyroid hormones

Question 25

What is an tryptophan amine hormone?

Answer 25

melatonin

Question 26

What are most hormones?

Answer 26

peptide hormones

these include: peptides. proteins and glycoproteins

Question 27

Are peptide hormones pre-synthesised?

Answer 27

yes, stored in vesicles for release

Question 28

Are peptide hormones hydrophillic or hydrophobic?

Answer 28

hydrophillic

Question 29

What do peptides to in plasma for transport?

Answer 29

dissolve, they are water-soluble

Question 30

Do peptide hormones have a long or short half-life?

Answer 30

short - can be degraded on way to target

Question 31

What type of response are the peptide hormone signal transduction pathway?

Answer 31

rapid

if second messenger is altering gene expression it should be slow

Question 32

if the peptide hormone is altering gene, what is the pathway like?

Answer 32

slow but long lasting

Question 33

Where are steroid hormones found/synthesised in a cell?

Answer 33

s(smooth) ER

in the unbound form

stored in esterified form

Question 34

How is a steroid hormone stored in a cell?

Answer 34

stored as lipid droplet

Question 35

When release signal is receive from cell, what is the cholesterol pathway?

Answer 35

esterfied cholesterol to active hormone

in the unbound form - not stored a s a lipid droplet

Question 36

Why can the steroid hormone diffuse across membrane into bloodstream?

Answer 36

it is lipophilic in nature

Question 37

What does the steroid hormone need to travel in blood?

Answer 37

carrier proteins

as it has poor solubility

Question 38

Is the steroid hormone stored in vesicles?

Answer 38

no, it is not pre-synthesised

Question 39

What is a specific steroid carrier protein?

Answer 39

corticosteroid binding globulin

Question 39

Does steroid hormone have long or short half-life?

Answer 39

long due to plasma carrier protein

Question 39

What is a non-specific steroid carrier protein?

Answer 39

albumin

Question 40

What do the steroid hormone act on in the cell?

Answer 40

HRE

hormone response elements

Question 41

Why is the cellular response delayed in steroid hormones?

Answer 41

genomic effects

Question 42

What does amine hormone tryptophan convert to?

Answer 42

melatonin

Question 43

What 2 hormones is tyrosine the pre-cursor for?

Answer 43

1. catecholamines (1 tyrosine)
2. thyroid hormones (2 tyrosine’s + iodine )

Question 44

What are types of catecholamines?

Answer 44

dopamine

norepi

epi

Question 45

Name 2 types of thyroid hormones?

Answer 45

thyroxine (T4)

T3

Question 46

What are amine hormones (catecholamies) associated with?

Answer 46

nervous system

Question 47

What do the cateholamines behave like?

Answer 47

peptide hormones

Question 48

What do the thyroid hormones behave like?

Answer 48

steroid hormones