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Dentistry > Radio Ch 1,2,3,5 > Flashcards

Radio Ch 1,2,3,5 Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered x-rays

A

Wilhelm Conrad roentgen

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2
Q

What year were x-Rays discovered

A

1895 W. C. Roentgen

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3
Q

What is one of the most important uses of dental images

A

Detection

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4
Q

Year of panoramic imaging introduction (long come parallel tech)

A

1948 F. G. Fitzgerald

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5
Q

Year of bite-wing technique introduction (first text)

A

1925 H. R. Raper

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6
Q

Year of intraoral digital imaging introduction (first X-ray tube)

A

1913 W. D. Coolidge

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7
Q

Year of cone-beam computed tomography introduction

A

1998 General Electric

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8
Q

Year of first dental x-ray machine

A

1923 Victor X-Ray Corp

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9
Q

Year of F-speed film introduction

A

2000 General Electric

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10
Q

Year of first dental radiograph (on person)

A

1896 C. Edmund Kells

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11
Q

The appearance of x-rays are….

A

Invisible

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12
Q

Do x-Rays have mass

A

No

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13
Q

Do x-rays have charge

A

No

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14
Q

How fast do x-rays travel

A

The speed of light

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15
Q

What size are x-Ray wavelengths

A

Short

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16
Q

What frequency are x-ray wavelengths

A

High

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17
Q

Can the travel path of x-rays be deflected

A

Yes

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18
Q

Can x-Rays be focused to a point

A

Yes

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19
Q

Can x-rays penetrate liquids solids gases etc

A

Yes

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20
Q

Are x-rays absorbed by matter

A

Yes

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21
Q

Do x-rays cause ionization

A

Yes

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22
Q

Can x-Rays cause fluorescence

A

Yes

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23
Q

Can x-Rays cause biological changes in living cells

A

Yes

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24
Q

Low contrast in an image results from/in

A

Long scale contrast with many shades of gray

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25
Q

High contrast images result from/in

A

Short scale contrast with few shades of gray

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26
Q

Short scale contrast results from

A

High kV

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27
Q

Long scale contrast results from

A

Low kV

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28
Q

What is the range of kV currently used in dental imaging

A

65-100

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29
Q

What is the range of mA used in dental imaging

A

7-15

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30
Q

What’s the formula used to calculate the inverse square law

A

Og intensity=new dist 2

New intensity og dist 2

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31
Q

What does the diameter of a collimated x-ray beam have to be restricted to

A

2.75 inches at the patients skin

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32
Q

What angle should the radiographer stand at by the beam

A

90-135

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33
Q

What is the MPD for occupation ally exposed persons

A

50 mSv/year

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34
Q

What is the MPD for nonoccupationally exposed persons

A

1 mSv/year

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35
Q

Radiation

A

Form of energy carried by waves or a stream of particles

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36
Q

X-radiation

A

High-energy radiation produced by collision of beam of electrons with metal target in tube

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37
Q

X-Ray

A

Beam of energy that can penetrate substances and record image shadows on receptors

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38
Q

Radiology

A

Science/study of radiation

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39
Q

Radiograph

A

Image/picture produced on receptor by exposing ionizing radiation

40
Q

McCormack

A

Used paralleling tech in practical dentistry

41
Q

Morton

A

Exposed first dental radiograph in U.S. (Skull)

42
Q

Price

A

Introduced bisecting tech

43
Q

Rollins

A

Wrote first paper on danger of xradiation

44
Q

Year D-speed films introduced

A

1955

45
Q

Year come beam scanners available in u.s.

A

2001

46
Q

What results when matter is altered

A

Energy

47
Q

What is the fundamental unit of matter

A

Atom

48
Q

What are the two parts of an atom

A

Central nucleus and orbiting electrons

49
Q

How are electrons maintained in their orbit

A

The electrostatic force

50
Q

Neutron

A

In the nucleus has no charge

51
Q

Ionization

A

Production of ions/process of converting an atom into ions

52
Q

Radioactivity

A

Unstable atoms spontaneously disintegrate to attain balance

53
Q

Electromagnetic radiation

A

Propagation of wavelength energy through space or matter

54
Q

Metal housing

A

Metal body surrounding X-ray tube and tubehead protects X-ray tube

55
Q

Tubehead seal

A

Aluminum or leaded glass covering of tubehead permits exit of X-rays/filter

56
Q

Transformer

A

Alters voltage of incoming electricity

57
Q

Aluminum disks

A

Filters out longer wavelengths

58
Q

Lead collimator

A

Restricts size of beam

59
Q

Leaded glass housing

A

Prevents X-rays from escaping in all directions

60
Q

Copper stem

A

Dissipates heat away from tungsten target

61
Q

Amperage

A

Measurement of number of electrons moving through conductor

62
Q

Voltage

A

Measurement of electrical force that causes electrons to move from negative to positive pole

63
Q

Step 1 of X-ray production

A

X-ray machine turned on by electricity supplied from wall outlet that travels through panel through extension arm to the tubehead

64
Q

Step 2 of X-ray production

A

The filament circuit and step down transformer are activated starting at 110-220 and being reduced to 3-5 V

65
Q

Step 3 of X-ray production

A

The filament circuit heats the tungsten filament and the electrons shell gains enough heat to produce an electron cloud near the filament

66
Q

Step 4 of X-ray production

A

The high voltage circuit is activated by the push of the exposure button that shoots the electrons over to the anode directed by the molybdenum cup

67
Q

Step 5 of X-ray production

A

Electrons hit tungsten target and convert into X-ray energy 1% X-ray 99% lost heat

68
Q

Step 6 X-ray production

A

Heat is absorbed by insulating oil. Select X-rays are directed out of the unleaded glass housing.

69
Q

Step 7 X-ray production

A

X-rays pass through unleaded glass window, tubehead, and aluminum disks. Disks filter longer wavelengths

70
Q

Step 8 X-ray production

A

Beam is restricted by lead collimator through the PID where they exit the tubehead

71
Q

Primary radiation

A

Penetrating X-ray beam

72
Q

Secondary radiation

A

When primary beam interacts with matter

73
Q

Which electrons have greatest binding energy

A

Kshell

74
Q

2 or more atoms joined by chemical bond

A

Molecule

75
Q

What are not particulate radiation

A

Nucleons

76
Q

Not a type of electromagnetic radiation

A

Electrons

77
Q

What regulates flow of electrical current to filament

A

Low voltage circuit

78
Q

What is 70% of all X-ray energy produced at anode

A

Characteristic radiation

79
Q

What occurs at 70 kV or higher/ small amount of X-rays produced

A

General radiation

80
Q

What’s primary radiation

A

Radiation that exits tubehead

81
Q

What controls the quality of the X-ray beam

A

Kilovoltage

82
Q

A higher kilovoltage produces X-rays with….

A

Greater energy levels, shorter wavelengths, more penetrating ability

83
Q

Unit of measurement for amount of electric current in X-ray tube

A

Ampere

84
Q

Increasing milliamperage results in an increase in….

A

Temp of filament and number of produced X-rays

85
Q

Density

A

Overall image darkness

86
Q

Decreased kilovoltage results in what

A

Lighter picture

87
Q

Contrast

A

Dark and light differentiation

88
Q

Increased milliamperage results in

A

Increased density

89
Q

Half value layer

A

Amount of lead that restricts the diameter of the beam by half

90
Q

Inherent filtration

A

Comes before aluminum disks (glass window, insulating oil, tubehead seal) equals .5-1 mm of aluminum

91
Q

Total filtration

A

Inherent and added filtration combined. Below 70kV 1.5 mm above 70kV 2.5mm

92
Q

ALARA

A

As low as reasonably achievable

93
Q

Not a component of inherent filtration

A

A lead PID

94
Q

Most effective method of reducing patient exposure

A

Fast film

95
Q

PID most effective for reducing exposure

A

Rectangular

96
Q

Device restricts size/shape of X-ray

A

Collimator

97
Q

Formula for cumulative occupational dose

A

(N-18)X5 rem/year

Dentistry (63 decks)

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