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Proc > Radiation 1 > Flashcards

Radiation 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define radiobiology

A

the study of the action of ionizing radiation on living things

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2
Q

What are three reasons we need to take images?

A
  • illness
  • injury
  • Screening
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3
Q

define efficacy

A

the ability to produce a desired or intended result

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4
Q

What is the responsibility of the referring physician?

A

makes the determination that an x-ray exam is necessary (weighs risk vs benefit)

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5
Q

What is the responsibility of the radiographer?

A

Takes optimal images using minimum amount of radiation exposure in order to reveal the presence or absence of a disease or injury

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6
Q

What is the responsibility of the radiologist?

A

in addition to viewing images and making a diagnosis from them, a radiologist may also be involved in directly using medical radiation equipment, such as fluoroscopic units (makes decisions to alter what imaging examination is appropriate if necessary

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7
Q

What does ALARA stand for?

A

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

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8
Q

What does ORP stand for?

A

Optimization for Radiation Protection

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9
Q

What are the three cardinal rules of radiation protection?

A
  • Time
  • Distance
  • Shielding
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10
Q

What are the two main risks of irradiation?

A
  • radiogenic cancer

- genetic defect

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11
Q

What does BERT stand for?

A

Background
Equivalent
Radiation
Time

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12
Q

What does BERT explain?

A

It gives a mean for comparison. Emphasizes that radiation is a part of our environment. Easy for patient to understand

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13
Q

What is the alliance for radiation safety in pediatric imaging?

A

to increase awareness of the need to reduce radiation dose for pediatric patients

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14
Q

Define radiation

A

is ENERGY in the form of high-speed particles or waves. (energy in motion)

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15
Q

What are the two types of radiation?

A
  • non-ionizing

- Ionizing

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16
Q

what is the speed of light?

A

3 x 10^8 m/s

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17
Q

what is the smallest quantity of this electromagnetic energy?

A

photon

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18
Q

Do photons has a mass and an electrical charge?

A

no

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19
Q

what are photon energy measured in?

A

electron volts (eV)

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20
Q

define electromagnetic spectrum?

A

a continuum of various levels/types of radiation.

As one moves from left to right on the spectrum, the amount of energy increases

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21
Q

define ionization

A

addition or removal of an electron from atom

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22
Q

what are examples of non-ionizing radaition?

A

visible light, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves

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23
Q

What is ionizing radiation produced by?

A

unstable atoms

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24
Q

What are the two types of ionizing radiation?

A
  • particulate

- Electromagnetic

25
Q

What are the three particulate ionizing radiation?

A
  • alpha particles
  • Beta particles
  • Neutrons
26
Q

What are the electromagnetic ionizing radiation?

A
  • Gamma rays

- X-rays

27
Q

define nuclear fission?

A

when a neutron collides with the nucleus of an uranium atom, the atom splits which releases more neutrons.

28
Q

what are the two types of electromagnetic radiation?

A
  • gamma rays

- x-rays

29
Q

How are x-rays produced?

A

when fast moving electrons collide with atoms of metallic elements

-x-radiation also has a very short and it has high penetrating power

30
Q

define LET

A

is the energy transferred per unit length of track

31
Q

what are the two radiation categories for LET?

A

Low-linear

High-linear

32
Q

what are 2 examples of low-LET?

A

-x-rays, gamma rays

33
Q

What are 2 examples of High-LET?

A

-alpha particle, neutrons

34
Q

What are the two radiations that humans are exposed to?

A
  • Natural

- Manmade

35
Q

What are the three natural radiations?

A
  • terrestrial
  • Cosmic
  • Internal
36
Q

What is terrestrial radiation?

A

from radioactive materials in the crust of the earth

37
Q

What is cosmic radiation?

A

from the sun and beyond the solar system

38
Q

What is internal radiation?

A

from radioactive atoms that make up a small percentage of the bodys tissue

39
Q

What are some examples of man-made radiation?

A
  • air travel
  • Medical radiation
  • nuclear energy
  • consumer products
40
Q

What are the two interactions with matter?

A
  • photoelectric absorption

- Compton scattering

41
Q

define radiobiology?

A

is the study of the action of ionizing radiation on living things

42
Q

the damage that occurs varies based on a number of different factors including:

A
  1. type of cells
  2. energy and type of radiation
  3. Metabolic rate
  4. amount of radiation
  5. Age and sex of patient
  6. area/amount of tissue exposed
43
Q

what are the 8 sequence of events leading up to human body damage from radiation?

A
  • absorption of x-rays by atom
  • Ionization/excitation of atom
  • Chemical bond break
  • Molecular damage
  • Cell damage
  • Tissue damage
  • Organ/system damage
  • Human body damage
44
Q

What are the two effects of radiation?

A

somatic or genetic

45
Q

define somatic effects?

A

when an individual has been exposed to ionizing radiation and sustains biological damage

46
Q

define genetic effects

A

when an individual genetic material has been irradiated and there is genetic malformation in their offspring

47
Q

what are the two different radiation interactions?

A
  • Indirect

- direct

48
Q

define radiolysis

A

when the absorption of radiation occurs in a water molecule, free radicals are produced, which cause biological damage

(the dissociation or separation of water molecules due to ionization cause by radiation

49
Q

which is most of our body? direct or indirect?

A

indirect. 2/3 of effects on tissues

50
Q

what are 5 direct interactions that may cause damage?

A
  • single strand
  • double strand
  • double strand in same rung
  • mutation
  • covalent cross links
51
Q

what does OH* + OH* form?

A

hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

52
Q

what does H* + O2* form?

A

a hydroperoxyl radical

53
Q

what are the 4 organic molecules?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

54
Q

what is the master molecule?

A

DNA

55
Q

what damage does LOW-let do to DNA?

A

single-strand break.

56
Q

what damage does high-LET do to DNA?

A

double-stand break, same rung

57
Q

what are the 4 consequences to the cell from structural changes within the nucleus?

A
  • restitution
  • Deletion
  • Broken-end rearrangement with visible damage
  • Broken-end rearrangement without visible damage
58
Q

What is the target theory?

A

states that when cell DNA is directly or indirectly inactivated by exposure to radiation, the cell will die

59
Q

the number of cells that survive a radiation exposure are _____ proportional to the dose to which it was exposed

A

directly

Proc (40 decks)

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