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Proc > PATH 179 LO 6 > Flashcards

PATH 179 LO 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hyperaldrenalism/cushings?

A

-excess secretion of hormone monilizes lipids and ^ level in blood = obesity confined to trunk, round moon - shaped face and fat pad behind shoulders (buffalo hump)

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2
Q

What causes hyperaldrenalism/cushings?

A

excess production of glucocorticoid hormone from

  • Functioning adrenal or non-adrenal tumor
  • bilateral hyperplasia of adrenal cortex
  • External administration of cortisone
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3
Q

What is the rad appearance for hyperaldrenalism/cushings?

A 
CT
-general enlargement of adrenal glands
-benign or malignant tumor
-Cranial CT can also find associated intrasellar lesion
x-ray: diffuse osteoporosis
-Leads to spontanoes fractures
-Aseptic necrosis of the femur and humerus
-Widening of the mediastinum
-Renal calculi or nephrocalinosis
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4
Q

what is aldsteronism?

A

overproduction of alsosterone

Causes retention of Na and water and loss of K in urine

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5
Q

What is the signs and symptoms of aldosteronism?

A

-hypertension, muscular weakness or paralysis, excessive thrist

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6
Q

what is the rad appearance of aldosteronism?

A

CT/MRI determine location of tumor

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7
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of adrenogenital syndrome?

A
  • excessive secretion of andogenically active substances
  • results in accelerated skeleta; maturation, premature epiphyseal fusion may = dwarfism
  • women= masculinization, hair on face, breasts diminsh, ovulation and menstration cease
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8
Q

What is hypoadrenalism?

A

-adrenal insufficiency

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9
Q

What causes hypoaldrenalism?

A
  • mostly from excess steroid administration

- Addisons Dz-primary adrenocortical insufficiency from progressive cortical destruction

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10
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of acute hypoadrenalism?

A
  • hypotension
  • Rapid pulse
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhea
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11
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic hypoaderenalism?

A
  • easily fatigued
  • anorexia
  • Weakness
  • Weight loss
  • Increased melanin pigmentation
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12
Q

What is the rad exam for hypoadrenalism?

A
  • CT: enlargement of gland

- Small heart

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13
Q

What is adrenal carcinoma?

A

-functioning tumors that cause Cushing syndrome, virilization, feminization or aldosteronism

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14
Q

What is the rad appearance for adrenal carcinoma?

A

CT: large mass- irregular mass containing low-density areas with calcification. Contrast enhancing peripherpy. Mets may also detected

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15
Q

what is adrenal mets?

A

metastases to the adrenal gland

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16
Q

What causes adrenal mets?

A
  • carcinomas of the lung, breast, kidney, ovary, melanomas and GI tract
  • Causes downward displacement of the kidney with flattening of the upper pole
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17
Q

What is the rad apearance of adrenal mets?

A

-CT: solid, soft tissue mass that vary in size and number

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18
Q

What is the disease of adrenal medulla?

A

Pheochromocytoma

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19
Q

What is pheochromocytoma?

A
  • tumor that arises in the adrenal medulla

- Produces excesive epinephrine and noreipinephrine

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20
Q

What is the rad exam for pheochromocytoma?

A

CT/US/MRI-localization of tumor, mets

21
Q

What is the rad appearance of pheochromocytoma?

A
  • round, oval or pear shaped masses, greater than 3 cm

- Arise in abdomen, rarely in chest or neck

22
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hyperpituitarism (acromegaly)?

A

-Acromegaly: continued growth of hands, feet, face
-Proliferation of cartilage causes joint space widening (especially MCP, hip)
-Longe fingers, bony tifts of distal phalanges, spade-shpae hand
-Degenerative changes develop early with spurring
-

23
Q

What is the rad appearance for hyperpituiitarism?

A
  • thickening of the heel pads (tissue inferior to calcanues)
  • bones of skull thick with increased density, especially at frontal and occipital regions (frontal/occipital bulge)
  • Sinuses enlarge
  • Prognathism (jutting jaw)
  • Lat skull: expansion erosion of sella turcica from piuitary growth
24
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypopituitarism?

A
  • dwarfism:
  • in kids, decreased HGH causes delayed appearance of growth centers > bones fail to grow normally in length and width, small
  • Normal proportion, normal intellect
  • May appear to have hydrocephaly b/c growth stops at a time when the skull is naturally bigger than face, and remains that way into adulthood
25
Q

What is the rad appearance of hypopituitarism?

A
  • adults: heart and kidneys small

- Calcification may develop in the articular cartilages

26
Q

what is the rad exams for hypopituitarism?

A

MRI modality used b/c can directly image sellar regions

27
Q

What is the rad exam of DI?

A

MRI-absence of signal in post pit

28
Q

What is the rad appearance of DI?

A

masive dilation of the rena pelvis, calyces and ureters

29
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A
  • graves disease (3rd and 4th decades, females)
  • Nervousness, insomina, tremors, excessive sweating, heat intolerance, tachycardia, palpitations, weight loss despite increased appetite
  • Exophthalmos (outward protrustion of eye from edema behind)
30
Q

What is the rad appearance of hyperthyroidism?

A
  • CT: in severe disease pt may develop cardiac failure, cardiomegaly, pulmonary congestion visible on CT
  • May also detect thickening of extraocular muscles (eyes)
31
Q

define cretinism

A

is hypothyroidism from birth

32
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

cretism:

  • short stature
  • coarse features, protrusion tongue, broad flat nose, widely set eyes, sparse hair
  • Protuberant abdomen with umbilical hernia
33
Q

What is the rad appearance for hypothyroidism?

A

kids
-delay of ossification and retarded bone age
-Skull changes common: thick or cranial vault, underaeration of sinuses and mastoids, widened sutures, delay in teeth eruption
-Bone age hand and wrist
-Skull series
In adults
-Cardiomegaly due to pericardial effusion
-Soft tissue thickening in extremity films

34
Q

What is the treatment for hypothyroidism?

A
  • if tumor is caus: surgery, CT,RT

- If functional cause: TH replacement therapy (thyroxine)

35
Q

What is goiter?

A

enlargement of thyroid gland not as result of inflammatory or neoplasia, not intially asociated with hyperthyroidism or myxedma

36
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of goiter?

A
  • may be some lethargy

- Sift tissue enlargement around anterior neck from thyroid

37
Q

What is the rad appearance for goiter?

A
  • radioactive nuclear med scan best
  • Soft-tissue enlargement may be seen on lat soft tissue neck x-ray
  • US can detect if thyroid is cystic
  • CT/MR only if US shows nothing
38
Q

What is the treatment for goiter?

A
  • oral thyroxine controls size

- If goiter cont to grow, surgery may be done to prevent impingement on adajcent structures

39
Q

What is benign thyroid carcinomas?

A
  • encapsulated tumors
  • Located within the neck
  • Deviation or compressed of the trachea or superior portion of the anterior mediastinum
  • May calcify
40
Q

What is hyperparathroidisn?

A

excessive secretion of parathhormone > elevated levels of calcium and phosphate

41
Q

What is the primary cause of hyperparathyroidism?

A

discrete adenoma, carcinoma or generalized hyperplasia or nonparathyroid tumor

42
Q

What is the secondary cause of hyperparathyroidism?

A

chronic renal failure

43
Q

What is the teritary cause of hyperparathyroidism?

A

development of auntonomous function parathyroid glands in pt who have bone disease in chronic renal failure

44
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hyperparathyroidism?

A
  • pathological bone fractures

- Kyphosis

45
Q

What is the treatment for paratyroidism?

A

calcium replacement therapy

46
Q

What causes hypoparathyroidism?

A

injury or accidental removal of glands during thyroidectomy

47
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism?

A
  • sustained muscle contraction (tetany)
  • Muscle cramps in hands and feet, numbness and tingling
  • Spasm of laryngea muscles can cause fatal respiratory obstruction
48
Q

What is the rad appearance for hypoparathyroidism?

A

CT: cerebral calcification, increased density in long bones

49
Q

What is the treatment for hypoparathyroidism?

A

synthethic PTH relieves symptom

Proc (40 decks)

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