PATH 181 LO5 Flashcards
define hematopoiesis
refers to the formation of blood and encompasses cellular proliferation, differentiation and functional maturation.
Where are RBC manufactured in adults?
The red marrow of the:
- skull
- Sternum
- Ribs
- Pelvic bones
What regulates blood cell proliferation?
group of glycoproteins called cytokines
What is yellow marrow?
it is capable of reverting to active red marrow in cases of increased demand
What is the myeloid : erythroid ratio?
nucleated white cells out number nucleated red cells
3:1
What are 4 blood cell function disorders?
- Anemia
- Leukemia
- Lymphoma
- Bleeding disorders
What does hemoglobin’s synthesis require?*
- Iron
- Vitamin B12
- Vitamin B6
- Folic acid
define hemoglobinopathy
disease that results from abnormal globin chains, and a normal heme portion.
What is the diurnal variation in Hb and hematocrit?
Peak-9am
Low-8pm
Where do we get Vitamin B12 from?
eating meat, eggs and dairy
What are ways our bodies become deficient with vit B12?
malabsorption, deficiency in intrinsic factor
What is the carrier protein for vit B12?
transcobalamin
Where is Vit B12 stored?
Liver, tissues and bone marrow
How do we get folic acid in our body?
- green, leafy foods
- Intestinal microflora
Where is folic acid stored?
liver, kidney and bone marrow
Where is folic acid absorbed?
jejunum
What will happen if there is a defiencieny in Vit B12 and Folic acid?
megaloblastic red cells
What is the most abundant trace element in the body and essential to life?
Iron
How is iron replaced in our body?
dietary absorption from meat, beans, leafy greens and fruit
What regulates absorption of iron?
the intestines
What transports iron?
Transferrin
Where is ferritin stored?
bone marrow
How do we measure iron status in the lab?
- iron
- Transferrin
- Ferritin
- TIBC
what is the diurnal variation for iron?
peak- in the morning
What is needed for DNA synthesis?
Vit B12, Folic acid
What is needed for hemoglobin synthesis?
Iron and Vit B6
What type of anemia will a deficiency in Vit B6 lead to?*
microcytic, hypochromic
Where is erythripoietin produced?
kidneys
What does decreased renal O2 tension do?
stimulates the release of EPO by the kidney which in turn stimulates erythropoiesis
What does Glucose-6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase serve to do?
protect the red cell from oxidation
What are the two ways of classifying anemia?
- etiologically
- morphologically
What are the three main categories of anemia?
- insiufficient erthyropoesis
- Ineffective erythropoiesis
- increased loss or destruction of RBC
What is normocytic/normochromic anemia caused by?
Massive blood loss
“dilutional anemia”
What is microcytic/hypochromic anemia caused by mainly?
Iron Deficiency
What are other microcytic/hypochromic anemias?
thalassemia, lead toxicity and anemia, chromic inflammation
What is macrocytic/normochromic anemia caused by?
megaloblastic anemia
What is megaloblastic anemias caused by?
impaired DNA synthesis
What are common causes of pseudoanemia?
- over hydration of patient
- Fluid retention
- Specimen contaminated with IV fluid
- Pregnancy
What are some examples of inherited anemia?
- Thalassemia
- Sickle cell anemia
- Hereditary spherocytosis
What are some examples of acquired anemia?
- iron def
- Pernicious anemia
- Hemolytic anemia
What amenia is alplastic anemia?
normochromic/normocytic
What is hemolytic anemia?
red blood cell destruction greater than the rate at which the bone marrow can replace
What anemia is sickle cell anemia?
normocytic/normochromic
What anemia is thalassemia?
microcytic/hypochromic
What kind of anemia is immune hemolytic anemia?
normocytic/normochromic
What kind of anemia is hemolytic anemia if the newborn?
normochromic/normocytic
What are the three main types of granulocytes?
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
Which granulocyte is the first line of defense?
Neutrophil
What is leukopenia?
low total WBC count
Do newborns have high leukocyte counts?*
YES
What are the physiological and pathological causes of neutophilia/granulocytosis?
Physiological: excercise, hypoxia, stress
Pathological:infection, tissue damage
What is lymphocytosis?
viral infection due to low granulocytes
What is the one thing tested for in infectious mono?*
Epstein-Barr virus
What chromosome is found in CML?
philadelphia
What is an important cell found under the microscope in CLL?
smudge cells
What is the most common leukemia in adults?
AML
What is something important thats looked for in multpile myeloma?**
Monoclonal spike Bence jones (free light chains)
What is hemophilia A?
deficiency of factor VIII (8)
What is hemophillia B?
deficiency of factor IX (9)
