PATH 181 LO6 Flashcards
define ultrafiltration*
the process of separating colloid (proteins) from crystalloid (dissolved minerals)
define azotemia?
the accumulation of nitrogenous wastes
What passes freely in renal filtration?
water and dissolved minerals of small size freely pass the golmerular filter
What does not pass freely in renal filtration?
Protein and blood cells
What are 100% absorbed in the PCT?
- glucose and amino acid*
- Ca, K, Urea, small proteins (albumin), Na, Cl, HCO3, Calcium
What is reabsorbed in the DCT?
Na, K, Phos, HCO3, H
What does the kidney do to keep acid-base balance?
- H+ elimination
- removes carbonic acid, lactic acid, keto acids
What are the 3 things that explain how elinimation of H occurs in the kidney?
- Reaction with Na2HPO4
- Reaction with ammonia
- Regeneration of HCO3
what does a decreased creatinine clearance test indicate?
glomerular filtration or disease
What does protein in the urine mean?
first sign of glomerular damage
What does microalbumin in the urine mean?
first small protein to pass into urine
What does RBC casts mean in the urine?
glomerular bleeding
What does high glucose in the urine indicate?
-renal damage
because glucose is 100% reabsorbed if no damage therefore you shouldn’t see glucose in the urine
What does B2-macroglobulin in urine indicate?
-Tubular damage
because small proteins an amino acids are usually reabsorbed as well
What two things indicate the concentrating ability of the kidney?
- osmolality
- Specific gravity
what elements in urine require a microscopic?
- WBC
- RBC
- protein
- Nitrites
- Cloudy
what do the presence of casts indicate?
glomerular disease/renal
What does hypercalcemia and hyperkalemia mean?
cardiac arrest
what does hypernatremia mean?
edema
What is the main cause of glomerulonephritis?
most often due to deposition of immune complexes with the basement membrane
What casts are found in nephritic syndrome? nephrotic syndrome?
Nephritic=RBC casts
Nephrotic=Fatty casts
what does renal tubular acidosis result in?*
metabolic acidosis and urinary pH high (normally acidosis - acid urine but the urinary pH is inappropriately alkaline)
Define Cystitis
inflammation of the bladder or bacterial infection of bladder
(lower urinary tract infection)
What is seen microscopically in urine for cyctitis?
WBC, RBC, bacteria and transitional
Define Pyelonephritis
infection of the kidney (upper urinary tract infection)
What is found in the urinalysis for pyelonephritis?
blood, protein, leukocyte esterase, nitrites.
low specific gravity
What is found microscopically for pyelonephritis?
WBC, RBC bacteria, renal tubular cells
casts- WBC, granular, renal cell, waxy casts
What causes urinary calculi (nephrolithiasis)?
increased excretion of salts along with change in pH of urine.
what is the most common sign of carcinoma in urinary tract?
hematuria
