PATH 181 LO6

Question 1

define ultrafiltration*

Answer 1

the process of separating colloid (proteins) from crystalloid (dissolved minerals)

Question 2

define azotemia?

Answer 2

the accumulation of nitrogenous wastes

Question 3

What passes freely in renal filtration?

Answer 3

water and dissolved minerals of small size freely pass the golmerular filter

Question 4

What does not pass freely in renal filtration?

Answer 4

Protein and blood cells

Question 5

What are 100% absorbed in the PCT?

Answer 5

• glucose and amino acid*

- Ca, K, Urea, small proteins (albumin), Na, Cl, HCO3, Calcium

Question 6

What is reabsorbed in the DCT?

Answer 6

Na, K, Phos, HCO3, H

Question 7

What does the kidney do to keep acid-base balance?

Answer 7

• H+ elimination

- removes carbonic acid, lactic acid, keto acids

Question 8

What are the 3 things that explain how elinimation of H occurs in the kidney?

Answer 8

1. Reaction with Na2HPO4
2. Reaction with ammonia
3. Regeneration of HCO3

Question 9

what does a decreased creatinine clearance test indicate?

Answer 9

glomerular filtration or disease

Question 10

What does protein in the urine mean?

Answer 10

first sign of glomerular damage

Question 11

What does microalbumin in the urine mean?

Answer 11

first small protein to pass into urine

Question 12

What does RBC casts mean in the urine?

Answer 12

glomerular bleeding

Question 13

What does high glucose in the urine indicate?

Answer 13

-renal damage

because glucose is 100% reabsorbed if no damage therefore you shouldn’t see glucose in the urine

Question 14

What does B2-macroglobulin in urine indicate?

Answer 14

-Tubular damage

because small proteins an amino acids are usually reabsorbed as well

Question 15

What two things indicate the concentrating ability of the kidney?

Answer 15

• osmolality

- Specific gravity

Question 16

what elements in urine require a microscopic?

Answer 16

• WBC
• RBC
• protein
• Nitrites
• Cloudy

Question 17

what do the presence of casts indicate?

Answer 17

glomerular disease/renal

Question 18

What does hypercalcemia and hyperkalemia mean?

Answer 18

cardiac arrest

Question 19

what does hypernatremia mean?

Answer 19

edema

Question 20

What is the main cause of glomerulonephritis?

Answer 20

most often due to deposition of immune complexes with the basement membrane

Question 21

What casts are found in nephritic syndrome? nephrotic syndrome?

Answer 21

Nephritic=RBC casts

Nephrotic=Fatty casts

Question 22

what does renal tubular acidosis result in?*

Answer 22

metabolic acidosis and urinary pH high (normally acidosis - acid urine but the urinary pH is inappropriately alkaline)

Question 23

Define Cystitis

Answer 23

inflammation of the bladder or bacterial infection of bladder
(lower urinary tract infection)

Question 24

What is seen microscopically in urine for cyctitis?

Answer 24

WBC, RBC, bacteria and transitional

Question 25

Define Pyelonephritis

Answer 25

infection of the kidney (upper urinary tract infection)

Question 26

What is found in the urinalysis for pyelonephritis?

Answer 26

blood, protein, leukocyte esterase, nitrites.

low specific gravity

Question 27

What is found microscopically for pyelonephritis?

Answer 27

WBC, RBC bacteria, renal tubular cells

casts- WBC, granular, renal cell, waxy casts

Question 28

What causes urinary calculi (nephrolithiasis)?

Answer 28

increased excretion of salts along with change in pH of urine.

Question 29

what is the most common sign of carcinoma in urinary tract?

Answer 29

hematuria