Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Proc > PATH 179 LO 2 > Flashcards

PATH 179 LO 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

defect of the posterior elements, lamina fail to fuse.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the three different types of spina bifidas and what are they?

A
  • spina bifida Occulta (mild)=splitting at L5-S1
  • Meningocele (severe) C or L spine= splitting with hernination of meningies
  • Myelomeningiocele (very severe) C or L spine = splitting with hernination of meningies and spinal cord or nerve root protrusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the cause of spina bifida?

A

Lack of folic acid during prenatal care

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of spina bifida?

A

muscular abnormalities, bowel/bladder - loss of control, dimpling of the skin, tuft of hair over site, club feet, gait disturbances, bladder incontinence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the radiographic examinations for spina bifida?

A

AP and Lateral L spine.

  • CT
  • MRI
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the radiographic appearance of spina bifida?

A
  • absence of laminae

- More serious cases use CT or MRI to demonstrate presence of cord/nerve roots in herninated sac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the treatment for spina bifida?

A
  • prenatal intervention involves folic acid

- surgical repair may be needed depending on the size and location of the protrusion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the other name for osteogenesis Imperfecta?

A

Brittle Bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

Bone easily breakable. Inadequate amount of bone collagen

adult usually wheelchair bound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the cause of osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

inherited, connective tissue disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of osteogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • multiple fractures
  • severe osteoporosis
  • BLUE EYE SCLERA (white of the eye has a blue tint)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the radiographic examinations for osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

body part related to area of interest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for osteogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • repeated fractures
  • Fractures heal with a callus
  • cortical bone loss
  • Skull ossification progresses slowly, leaving wide sutures and wormian bones
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the treatment for osteogenesis imperfecta?

A
  • surgical rod placement
  • Extra care to minimize fracture
  • -Meds to regulate the osteoclastic formation, keeping the bone density more normal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is Achondroplasia?

A

Normal conversion of cartilage cells during bone growth does not occur, so long bones do ot grow to there correct length. Bones are short but thick and strong

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the cause of achondroplasia?

A

autosomal dominant gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of achondroplasia?

A
  • less than 4 ft tall
  • Lumbar spine lordosis
  • Bowed legs
  • Bulky face
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the radiographic examination for achondroplasia?

A
  • x-ray

- CT is beneficial to see the changes in the spinal column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for achondroplasia?

A
  • skull has thin growth plate
  • Widening of the proximal and distal ends
  • Scalloping of posterior margins of vertebral bodies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the treatment of achondroplasia?

A

no treatment, live normal independent life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is Congenital Hip dislocation?

A

The head of the femur slips out of the acetabulum because of incomplete acetabulum formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is another name for congenital hip dislocation?

A

dysplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the cause for congenital hip dislocation?

A
  • increased hormone levels during delivery

- when the fetus grows amniotic fluid decreased and places gentle pressure on the infant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are signs and symptoms of congenital hip dislocation?

A
  • Diagnosed during pediatric assessment, may pop or click

- If not diagnosed early, will WADDLE LIKE A DUCK

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the radiographic examinations for congenital dip dislocation?

A
  • AP Pelvis: appears almost normal
  • -Bilateral Cleaves (frog leg): hip usually dislocates SUPERIORLY AND POSTERIORLY
  • rechecks
  • US
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for congential hip dislocation?

A

hip will dislocate superior and posterior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the treatment for congenital hip dislocation?

A

No treatment, live a normal independent life.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

Begins as synovial membrane that lines the joints. Affects small joints of hands and feet.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is the cause of rheumatoid arthritis

A

Chronic systemic disease of unknown cause. Genetic factors are believed to predispose an individual to RA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  • Pain
  • swelling
  • Stiffness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the radiographic examinations for rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  • x-ray of erlated body part

- CT might be performed to assess alantoaxial articulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the radiograpghic appearance of rheumatoid arthritis?

A
  • Periarticular swelling
  • Periarticular osteoporosis
  • Narrowing of the joint spaces
  • May progress to ankloysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the treatment for rheumatoid arthritis?

A

medication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is ankylosing Spondylitis

A
  • Progressive form of arthritis

- Begins in the SI joints and progresses upwards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the cause of ankylosing spondtlitis?

A

Believed to have a genetic predisposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis?

A
  • low back pain
  • low grade fever
  • Fatigue
  • weight loss
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What are the radiographic examinations of ankylosing spondylitis?

A
  • x-ray

- CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for ankylosing spondylitis?

A
  • ossification (bone formation) in the paravertebral (beside or adjacent) tissues and longitudinal spinal ligaments (poker spine) and extensive bony bridges to produce ‘bamboo spine’
  • Osteoporosis
  • Fractures
  • Spinal stenosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the treatment for ankylosing spondylitis?

A
  • Treatment
  • Therapeutic exercise
  • Postural training
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is another name for Osteoarthritis?

A

Degenerative jt. disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

loss of joint cartilage and new bone formation. Affects weight bearing joints

42
Q

What causes osteoarthritis?

A

occurs in joints that have been repeatedly traumatized or abnormal stresses because of orthopedic deformities

43
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis?

A
  • pain

- stiffness of affected joint

44
Q

What are the radiographic examinations for osteoarthritis?

A
  • x-rays

- weight bearing x-rays

45
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for osteoarthritis?

A
  • narrowing of the joint space
  • Small bone spurs (osteophytes)
  • Articular ends of the long bones become increasingly dense
  • Distal IP joints - spurs that are palable
  • Asymmetrical narrowing in hip and knee
46
Q

What is the treatment for osteoarthritis?

A
  • medication
  • Exercise
  • Heat
  • Surgical prosthetic joint replacement
47
Q

What is bursitis?

A

inflammation of the bursae (small sacs that reduces friction in a joint)

48
Q

What causes bursitis?

A

repeated physical activity, trauma, RA, gout and infections

49
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for bursitis?

A

not visualized

50
Q

what muscles make up the rotator cuff?

A

teres minor, infraspinatus, supraspinatus and subscapularis muscles

51
Q

How is rotator cuff tears diagnosed?

A

arthrography or MRI

52
Q

What is the sign and symptoms of tears of the menisci of the knee?

A

knee pain

53
Q

What causes tears of the menisci of the knee?

A

result of acute trauma reflect degenerative process cause by chronic trauma

54
Q

How is tear of the menisci of the knee diagnosed?

A

demonstrated with MRI

55
Q

What is bacterial osteomyelitis?

A

inflammation of the bone and bone marrow

56
Q

What causes bacterial osteomyelitis?

A

broad spectrum of infections

57
Q

Where does bacterial osteomyelitis occur in infants or children?

A

affects femur and tibia

58
Q

where does bacterial osteomyelitis occur in adults?

A

vertebrae

59
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of bacterial osteomyelitis?

A
  • fever, localized warmth, swelling, tenderness

- Adults, localized back pain and muscle spasms

60
Q

What are the radiographic examinations for bacterial osteomyelits?

A
  • x-ray
  • CT
  • MRI
61
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for bacterial osteomyelitis?

A
  • ragged moth eaten appearance
  • Bone necrosis
  • Vertebral ostermyelitis=erosion of the bony plate with loss of cortical outline
  • Plain radiographs cannot determine if the disease process is acute
62
Q

What causes osteomyelitis of the skull?

A

paranasal sinuses, mastoid air cells or scalp

63
Q

What is the treatment for bacterial osteomyelitis?

A
  • antibiotics

- Surgery

64
Q

What is osgood schlatters?

A

incomplete separation of the epiphysis of the tibial tuberosity

65
Q

What causes osgood schlatters?

A

patients that are doing activities where they repeatedly flex their knee more than 90

66
Q

What are the sign and symptoms of osgood schlatters?

A
  • pain
  • tenderness
  • bump inferior to the patella
67
Q

What are the radiographic examinations for osgood schlatters?

A

-x-ray

68
Q

what are the radiographic appearance for osgood schlatters?

A
  • raised area of bone in the tibial tuberosity
  • Soft-tissue swelling in front of the tibial tuberosity
  • BEST DEMONSTRATED ON LATERAL KNEE X-RAY
69
Q

What is the treatment for osgood sclatters?

A
  • ice
  • meds
  • brace
70
Q

What is osteochondritis Dessicians (OCD)

A

joint condition where a piece of cartilage, along with a thin layer of bone beneath it comes loose from the end of the bone

71
Q

What is the cause of osteochondritis dessicans (OCD)?

A

decrease blood flow to the end of the bone

72
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of osteochrondrits Dessicans (OCD)?

A
  • Pain
  • Joint locking
  • Weakness
73
Q

What are the radiographic examinations for osteochondritis dessicans?

A
  • x-ray

- Tunnel view may show this good

74
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for osteochondritis dessicans?

A

-Flattening or radiolucency above the cortical line

75
Q

What is the treatment for osteochondritis dessicans?

A

if unstable fragment then removal and immobilization will occur.
Surgical repair may be needed if fragement gets jammed between moving parts of the joint

76
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Generalozed or localized defieciency of bone matrix, mass of bone per volume is decreased but normal composition

77
Q

What causes osteoporosis?

A
  • accelerated resorption of bone

- aging, postmenopausal hormonal changes

78
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of osteoporosis?

A
  • increased fractures
  • Crippling deformity
  • Kyphosis
79
Q

What are the radiographic examinations for osteoporosis?

A
  • x-ray (use lowest possible kVp)

- CT

80
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for osteoporosis?

A
  • cortical thinning
  • Decreased bone density
  • Anterior wedging in the spine and compression fracture
81
Q

What is the treatment for osteoporosis?

A
  • hormone replacement therapy

- Increase of calcium and vitamin D

82
Q

What is gout?

A

Increase in blood uric acid levels causes deposition of uric acid crystals in joints, cartilage and kidneys

83
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of gout?

A

-painful arthritis that usually starts with the 1st MTP joint

84
Q

What are the radiographic exams for gout?

A
  • x-ray

- MRI

85
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for gout?

A
  • early gout will NOT show up on x-ray, only late stage
  • joint effusion, periarticular swelling
  • Tophi (clumps of urate crystals) for along the articular cortex and eats the joint and underlying bone
86
Q

What is the treatment for gout?

A

Antihyperuricemic drugs

87
Q

What is Pagets?

A
  • Destruction/regrowth of bone
  • Affects pevis, femur, skull, tib fibs, vertebrae, clavicles, ribs
  • Common chronic metabolic disease
88
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of pagets disease?

A
  • Pain

- Bone weakness

89
Q

What are the radiograhic exams for pagets disease?

A
  • usually skeletal survey
  • Nuc med scan
  • CT and MRI
90
Q

What is the radiographic appearance of pagets disease?

A
  • sharply defined radiolucency which signifies the destructive phase
  • Islands of sclerosis and cortical thickening form in the repair phase, produce ‘cotton wool’ appearance.
  • SPINE; increased
  • PELVIS: coarse trabeculae along iliac margins > thickening of pelvic brim
  • SKULL: ‘cotton wool’ skull from patchy sclerosis.
91
Q

What is the treatment of pagets disease?

A
  • no cure

- Disease can be slowed by bisphosphonates

92
Q

What is ischemic necrosis of the bone?

A

loss of blood supply. Femoral head is most common site.

93
Q

What causes ischemic necrosis of the bone?

A

thrombosis, disease of surrounding bone, single or repeated trauma.

94
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of ichemic necrosis of the bone?

A
  • pain

- May be asymptomatic and an incidental finding

95
Q

What are the radiographic examinations for ichemic necorsis of the bone?

A
  • x-ray
  • Nuc med
  • CT
  • MRI
96
Q

What is the radiographic appearance of ischemic necrosis of the bone?

A
  • First sign: radiolucent subcortical band (crescent sign) represents a fracture line
  • Progression: fragmentation, compression and resorption of dead bone, proliferation of graular tissue, revascularization and production of new bone
97
Q

What is the treatment for ischemic necrosis of the bone>

A
  • Surgical rod placement
  • Extra care to minimize fracture
  • Meds to regulate the osteoclastic formation, keeping the bone density more normal
98
Q

What is another name Legg-Calve-Perthes

A

Coxa plana or osteochrondritis deformans

99
Q

What is the cause of Legg-Calve-Perthes?

A
  • Aseptic necrosis due to interuption of blood supply for no apparent reason
  • Affects the hip joint in children, between 4-10 years old and occurs in families
100
Q

What are the radiographic exams for Legg-Calve-Perthes?

A

AP and frog leg hip

101
Q

What is the radigraphic appearance for Legg-Calve-Perthes?

A
  • Epiphysis fragments and head femur flattened

- Bone contains sclerotic bone and osteolytic regions

Proc (40 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions