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Proc > PATH 179 LO 3 > Flashcards

PATH 179 LO 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is sinustits?

A

viral infection leads to obstruction of drainage of the paranasal sinuses

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2
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of sinustits?

A
  • Pain
  • Tenderness
  • Fever
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3
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for sinutits?

A
  • soft tissue density lining the walls of the involved sinus

- Air fluid level

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4
Q

What is the treatment for sinusitis?

A
  • if caused by bacteria (antibiotics)
  • Nasal sprays and decongestants
  • If chronic surgery
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5
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

hereditary disease characterized by the secretion of excessively viscous mucous by all the exocrine glands

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6
Q

What causes cystic fibrosis?

A

defective gene in the middle of chromosome 7

-99% of morbidity or mortality occurs as a result of respiratory involvement

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7
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis?

A
  • recurrent pulmonary infections
  • Meconium ileus
  • Cough, wheeze
  • Sputum production
  • Failure to thrive
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8
Q

What are the radiographic exams for cystic fibrosis?

A
  • x-ray

- CT

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9
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for cystic fibrosis?

A
  • generalized irregular thickening of linear markings
  • Almost always hyperinflation
  • Appearance of chronic disease in adults
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10
Q

What is the treatment for cystic fibrosis?

A
  • Prophylactic antibiotics
  • Chest physio
  • Transplant
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11
Q

What is another name for idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome?

A

Hyaline membrane disease

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12
Q

What causes idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome?

A

lack of lipoprotein ‘surfactant’ from immaturity or birth trauma
-Pre mature babies or diabetic mothers who have had c-section

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13
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome?

A
  • hypoxia and respiratory distress usually within 6hrs of delivery
  • Tachypnea
  • poor colour
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14
Q

What are the radiographic exams for idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome?

A

-x-ray AP/LAT/DECUB CXR

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15
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for idiopathic respiratory distress syndrome?

A
  • artificial surfactant

- Positive pressure ventilators, but may cause over-aeration

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16
Q

What causes croup?

A
  • viral infection

- Produces inflammatory, obstructive swelling in subglottic trachea

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17
Q

What are signs and symptoms of croup?

A
  • Stridor
  • Bark-like cough
  • Fever
  • Sore throat
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18
Q

What are the radiographic exams for croup?

A

AP soft tissue neck

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19
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for croup?

A

smooth tapering of airway caused by EDEMA (hour glass shape)

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20
Q

What is the treatment for croup?

A
  • cool humidifaction
  • Steam from hot shower for 15-20 mi intervals
  • Corticosteroid treatment to decrease swelling
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21
Q

What is epiglottitis?

A

viral infection of epiglottits

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22
Q

what is epiglottits caused by?

A

haemophilus influenzae

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23
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of epiglotittis?

A
  • fever
  • Stridor
  • Sore throat
  • Drooling
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24
Q

What is the radiographic examinations for epigglotttis?

A

upright lat soft tissue neck

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25
Q

What is the radiographic appearance of epiglottitis?

A

swelling of thickened, rounded epiglottits about the size of adult thumb normal size is adults little finger

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26
Q

What is the treatment of epiglottits?

A

corticosteroids

Antibiotics

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27
Q

What is Pneumonia?

A

Inflammation of the lung

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28
Q

What causes pneumonia?

A

virus or bacteria

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29
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of pneumonia?

A
  • acute, shaking, chills, fever, cough, blood, sputum, weakness, chest pain on breathing.
  • Severe chest cold, fever, headache, fatigue, unproductive hacking cough
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30
Q

What is another name for alveolar pneumonia?

A

Air space pneumonia

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31
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for alveolar pneumonia?

A
  • consolidation of the lung parenchyma with little or no involvement or airways (air bronchogram)
  • No evidence of loss of volume b/c air is replaced by an equal amount of inflammatory exudate and b/c airways remain opem
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32
Q

What is bronchopneumonia typically caused by?

A

Staphylococcal infections

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33
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for bronchpneumonia?

A
  • appears as opacififcations that are scattered through out separated by air-containing lung tissue
  • If airway is obstructed, atelectasis is evident
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34
Q

What causes interstitial pneumonia?

A

viral and mycoplasmal infections

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35
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for interstitual pneumonia?

A

appears in a linear or reticular pattern

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36
Q

what causes aspiration pneumonia?

A
  • aspiration of gastric or esophageal obstruction.

- General anesthetic tracheostomy, coma or trauma

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37
Q

What is the radiographic appearance of aspiration pneumonia?

A
  • appears as multiple small nodular densities

- Posterior segments of the upper and lower lobes most commonly affected in bed ridden patients

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38
Q

What causes anthrax?

A

sporelike microbe known as bacillus anthracis

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39
Q

What are the three ways to contract anthrax?

A

cutaneous (most common), Inhalation (usually fatal), Gastrointestinal

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40
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of anthrax?

A

similar to flu, progresses into labored breathing, shock or even death

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41
Q

What is the radiographic appearance of anthrax?

A

mediastinal widening, pleural effusion.

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42
Q

What is lung abscess?

A

area of necrosis of parenchyma containing pus

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43
Q

What causes lung abscess?

A

complication of bacterial pneumonia, bronchial obstruction, aspiration, foreign body, blood-spread disease.
-Brain abscess can be a complication if infected material is carried by blood from lung to Lt side of the heart then to the brain.

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44
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of lung abscess?

A
  • fever
  • Cough
  • Foul sputum
45
Q

what are some Radiographic examinations for lung abscess?

A
  • X-ray

- CT

46
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for lung abscess?

A
  • spherical density, dense center with hazy periphery

- Air-fluid level can form within abscess

47
Q

What is the treatment for lung abscess?

A

supportive therapy to help lung get rid of purulent material and ensure lung volume

48
Q

What is Tuberculosis caused by?

A
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis rod shaped, waxy coat
  • Spreads by droplets in air by coughing of an infected patient
  • Affects lungs, also GI, GU and skeletal systems
  • Common in posterior apical segments
49
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of TB?

A
  • Cough
  • Hemoptysis
  • Weak
  • Dizzy
  • Weight loss
  • Night sweats
50
Q

What are the radiographic exams for TB?

A

CXR, AP lordotic, TB skin test

51
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for TB?

A

Primary (develops at any age):

  • Lobar or segmental air-space consolidation
  • Enlargement of hilar or mediastinal lymph nodes
  • Ghon lesion

Secondary lesion

Can remain inactive for many years

Center can necrosis and look like swiss cheese

52
Q

What is the treatment for TB?

A

antibiotics for 6-12 months

53
Q

What is tuberculoma?

A
  • sharply circumscribed parenchymal nodule, often containing active TB
  • Can remain unchanged for a long period of time
  • Potentially dangerous if ruptures and spreads
54
Q

What is the radiographic appearance Tuberculoma?

A
  • Single or multiple pulmonary nodules usually 1-3cm
  • Most common in periphery and upper lobes
  • Contain central nidus of calcification
55
Q

What is respiratory syncytial Virus?

A
  • attacks lower respiratory tract and causes necrosis of the epithelium of bronchi and bronchioles which leads to bronchiolitis (produces brinchial spasm and intersitial pneumonia)
  • Necrotic material and edema causes bronchial obstruction
56
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of RSV?

A

Cold/flu like symptoms, high rate of nosocomial infection

57
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for RSV?

A
  • Hyperinflation
  • Increased interstitial markings
  • Appears as interstitial pneumonia
58
Q

What is the treatment for RSV?

A

children require hospitalization, antibiotics, antiviral drugs, oxygen therapy

59
Q

What does SARS stand for?

A

Severe acute respiratory syndrome

60
Q

What causes SARS?

A

unknown

61
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for SARS?

A
  • lungs appear normal

- As it progresses: early focal infiltrates, then generalized patch areas, eventually consolidation

62
Q

What is Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?

A

chronic obstruction of the airways that leads to the ineffective exchange of respiratory gases and makes breathing difficult

63
Q

What are the risk factors for COPD?

A
  • smoking
  • Infection
  • Air pollution
  • Occupational exposure such as asbestos
64
Q

What causes chronic bronchitis?

A

infection or pollution exposure, smoking

65
Q

What is chronic bronchitis?

A
  • chronic inflammation of bronchi leads to coughing and sputum production
  • walls of bronchioles thicken and produce viscous mucous
  • Over time mucus glands become hyperplastic
66
Q

What some signs and symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis?

A
  • Coughing
  • Wheezing
  • Edema > weight gain
  • Cyanosis > blue bloater
67
Q

what are the radiographic exams for chronic bronchitis?

A

x-ray

68
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for chronic bronchitis?

A
  • over half of patients with bronchitis demonstrate no changes on chest films
  • Increase in bronchial walls and peribronchial inflammation (‘tram lines’)
69
Q

What is the treatment for chronic bronchitis?

A
  • Prophylactic anti-biotic therapy - reduces infection
  • Bronchodilators reduce spasm and open airways
  • Expectorants keep lungs clear
70
Q

What is emphysema?

A

airborne irritants damage and coat the alveoli which causes mucosal inflammation and secretion of excess mucus that plugs the air passages
-Tiny air sacs become transformed into bullae

71
Q

What are the causes of emphysema?

A
  • Smoking
  • Chronic bronchitis
  • Air pollution
  • Long term exposure
  • Respiratory irritants
72
Q

What are the signs and symptoms emphysema?

A
  • prolonged expiration with grunting, weight loss , “pink puffers” from increased cardiac output
  • Bullae may rupture and cause a spontaneous pneumothorax and atelectasis
  • Decrease in normal movement of diaphragm
73
Q

What are the radiographic exams for emphysema?

A

-X-ray

74
Q

What are is the radiograh appearance for emphysema?

A
  • overinflation, bullae formation
  • Flattening of domes
  • Barrel chest
  • Increase in retrosternal space (distance between the posterior side of the sternum and snterior wall of aorta)
75
Q

What is the treatment of emphysema?

A

bronchodilators, antibiotics

76
Q

What is asthma?

A
  • swelling of mucous membranes

- Wide spread narrowing of the airways, response of tracheobronchial tree to irritants

77
Q

What are examples of extrinsic asthma?

A

house dust, pollen, molds, animal dander, fabrics and foods

78
Q

What are examples of intrinsic asthma?

A

exercise, heat, cold, emotional upset

79
Q

What are signs and symptoms of asthma?

A
  • wheezing
  • Tightness
  • Expectorate cough - mucous
80
Q

What are the radiograph exams for asthma?

A

x-ray

81
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for asthma?

A
  • during acute attack: bronchial narrowing, hyperinflation (flattened domes, lucent lungs)
  • Usually normal lung markings
  • Long-stranding asthma can be seen as ‘dirty chest’
82
Q

What is the treatment for asthma?

A

bronchodilators, expectorants, c-steroids, O2, allergy shots

83
Q

What is bronchiectasis?

A

permeant abnormal dilation of one or more large bronchi from destruction elastic and muscular components of the bronchial wall

  • Common complication of bronchitis
  • Involves basal segments and lower lobes, bilateral (1/2 of the cases)
84
Q

what causes bronchiectasis?

A

nearly always the result of bacterial infection

85
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of bronchiectasis?

A
  • chronic, productive cough
  • Acute pneumonia
  • Hemoptysis
86
Q

What are the radiographic exams for bronchietcasis?

A

x-ray

87
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for bronchiectasis?

A
  • coarseness and loss of definition of interstitial markings
  • advantaged stage: oval, circular cystic spaces (up to 2cm and air fluid levels), ‘honeycomb’ pattern
88
Q

What is the treatment for bronchiectasis?

A

vaccines to prevent bacterial and viral infections, antibiotics

89
Q

What is a solitary pulmonary nodule?

A
  • asymptomatic solitary pulmonary nodule, incidental finding
  • May represent a benign granuloma or neoplastic process
  • If occurs in patients under 30 - minimal risk of cancer
90
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of solitary pulmonary nodule?

A

-usually asymptomatic and a incidental finding

91
Q

What are the radiographic exams for solitary pulmonary nodule?

A
  • X-ray
  • CT
  • PET
92
Q

What is the radiographic appearance of the solitary pulmonary nodule?

A

-central dense or popcorn calcification - benign process, use low kVp
-Benign tumor=absence of growth
CT scan better demonstrates size, density, position and borders of lesion
-ill defined, irregular or fuzzy margins
-Growth rate = malignant tumor

93
Q

What is the treatment for solitary pulmonary nodule?

A

depends if benign or malignant

94
Q

what is bronchial ademona?

A
  • neoplasm of low grade malignancy

- Occur centrally in major segmental bronchi and cause obstruction

95
Q

What are signs and symptoms of bronchial ademona?

A
  • hemoptysis

- Recurring pneumonia

96
Q

What are radiographic exams for bronchial adenoma?

A
  • x-ray

- CT

97
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for bronchial adenoma?

A

-Most common findings: peripheral atelectasis and pneumonitis

  • Homogenous increase in density corresponding exactly to a lobe
  • Increase density in lobe of one or more segments
  • Small tumors may be missed
98
Q

What is the treatment of bronchial adenoma?

A
  • chemo
  • Radiation therapy
  • Resection
99
Q

What causes bronchogenic carcinoma?

A

precise reason unknown. closely linked to smoking and inhalation of carcinogens (air pollution, gases and fumes)

100
Q

What is the most common type of lung cancer?

A

Squamous Carcinoma

101
Q

What is the least common type of lung cancer?

A

broncholar carcinoma

102
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of bronchogenic carcinoma?

A
  • coughing
  • chest pain
  • sputum production
  • hemopytsis
  • Airway obstruction
  • Pleural effusions
  • By the time patient shows symptoms disease is already advanced and the signs are of metastatic disease
103
Q

What are the radiographic exams for bronchogenic carcinoma?

A
  • x-ray

- CT

104
Q

What is the radiographic appearance for bronchogenic carcinoma?

A
  • depends on site of the tumor and relation to bronchial tree
  • Discrete mass may be undetected
  • Unilateral enlargement of the hilum, may be the earliest sign
  • Lesions similar to that of a lung abscess
  • CT is superior to plain images in detecting hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy and bronchial narrowing
105
Q

What is the treatment of bronchogenic carcinoma?

A
  • chemo
  • Radiation therapy
  • Palliative
106
Q

Which cancers are most likely to spread to pulmonary Mets?

A

breast, esophagus, stomach because of close proximity

107
Q

What are the radiographic exams for pulmonary mets?

A
  • x-ray
  • CT
  • PET
108
Q

what is the radiographic appearance for pulmonary mets?

A
  • multiple, round, well circumscribed nodules scattered through out lung
  • Fine miliary nodules, highly vascular tumors
  • Varied appearance and size
  • Solitary masses are often indistinguishable from primary bronchogenic carcinoma
109
Q

What is the treatment for pulmonary mets?

A
  • surgical resection
  • Chemo
  • Radiation therapy
  • Pallative

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