Pulmonary System Flashcards
Surfactant is produced by:
Type II alveolar cells
Function of surfactant
Reduces the surface tension of the alveoli and prevent collapse
When does the production of surfactant begin in development?
Week 20
Complete obstruction/blockage/abnormal closure or development of a passage. Due to failure of recanalization of the lumen or incomplete division of the foregut
Atresia
Narrowing/partial closure of a passage. Mainly due to unequal partitioning of the foregut
Stenosis
Abnormal communication/passage due to incomplete division of a tube
Fistula
Germ layer that plays a major role in forming the skull and vertebrae
Paraxial mesoderm
Germ layer that contributes to the urogenital system
Intermediate mesoderm
Germ layer that is involved in forming the body cavity
Lateral plate mesoderm
Type of hernia that is between the xiphoid process and costal margin on the right.
Morgagni’s hernia (retrosternal, parasternal)
-Caused by congenital defect in the fusion of septum transverses of the diaphragm and the costal margin
Hernia due to defective formation or fusion of the pleuroperitoneal membrane
Bochdalek’s hernia (Posterolateral region)
Hernia due to abnormally large esophageal hiatus that causes fundus of stomach to protrude into posterior mediastinum
Congenital hiatal hernia
Eventration of Diaphragm
Half of the diaphragm has defective musculature, causing it to balloon into the thoracic cavity as a membranous sheet, forming a diaphragmatic pouch, and the abdominal viscera are displaced superiorly into the pocket-like outpouching of the diaphragm.
The endoderm lining the respiratory diverticulum gives rise to:
The epithelium and glands of the trachea, bronchi, and alveoli
Mesoderm surrounding the respiratory diverticulum gives rise to:
The connective tissue, cartilage, and smooth muscle of these structures
The epithelial lining of the larynx develops from:
The endoderm of the cranial end of the laryngotracheal tube
Laryngeal cartilages are derived from:
Migration of neural crest cells into the mesenchymal of 4th and 6th pairs of pharyngeal arches
Laryngeal muscles develop from:
Mesenchymal myoblasts from the 4th and 6th pharyngeal arches
The arytenoid swellings are produced from:
The mesenchyme at the cranial end of the laryngotracheal tube rapidly proliferating
The laryngotracheal diverticulum is anterior to the foregut and caudal to which pharyngeal arch?
4th
The ventral division of the tracheoesophageal septum
Laryngotracheal tube
The dorsal division of the tracheoesophageal septum
Oropharynx and esophagus
Week 5-17 lung histological stage
Pseudo-glandular
Week 16-25 lung histological stage
Canalicular
Week 24 to birth lung histological stage
Terminal saccular
Week 32 to 8-10 years of age lung histological stage
Alveolar
In which stage of development does the lung tissue become highly vascular?
Canalicular period
In which stage of development does the lung tissue establish the blood-air barrier?
Terminal sac period
Squamous epithelial cells of endodermal origin that allow gas exchange to occur.
Type 1 pneumocytes
Intestinal content in the thoracic space is due to:
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Pulmonary hypoplasia may be due to:
Oligohydramnios (insufficient amount of amniotic fluid)
Coughing and choking during feeding, pneumonia, pneumonitis, polyhydramnios in fetal life is due to which congenital defect?
Tracheo-esophageal fistula (TEF)
Projecting into pleuroperitoneal canal during lateral folding of the body wall
Pleuroperitoneal folds
Forms the median structure where the other parts of the diaphragm will attach
Dorsal mesentery of esophagus
Results in the final closure of the pleuroperitoneal canal
Migration of myoblasts from the lateral body wall.
The 4 embryonic components of the Diaphragm
- Septum transversum
- Pleuroperitoneal membranes
- Dorsal mesentery of esophagus
- Muscular ingrowth from lateral body walls
Which structure gives rise to the crura of the diaphragm?
The dorsal mesentery of esophagus
Pleuroperitoneal membrane defect
Diaphragmatic hernia
Site for needle decompression of a tension pneumothorax
2nd intercostal space in the midclavicular line in affected hemithorax
Site for tube thoracostomy
4th or 5th intercostal space between anterior axillary and midaxillary lines
Region where the mediastinal pleura meets the visceral pleura
The hilum
Structure that attaches lung to structures in the mediastinum
Root of the lung
Horizontal fissure boundary
Follows the 4th intercostal space laterally to meet the oblique fissure
Oblique fissure boundary
Begin at the spinous process of the scapula (T4) and follows rib 6 anteriorly
Where would an aspirated/inhaled foreign object be lodged?
The wider, shorter and more vertical right bronchus and eventually in the right lower lobe
a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung, and the collapse is distal to obstruction
Atelectasis
Order for Lymphatic drainage in the lungs:
1) Intrapulmonary vessels and nodes
2) Bronchopulmonary (hilar) nodes
3) Tracheobronchial (carinal) nodes
4) Paratracheal nodes
5) Bronchomediastinal lymph trunk
6) Right thoracic trunk/thoracic duct
7) Systemic venous system
Parasympathetic innervation of the lung:
Vagus nerve
Sympathetic innervation of the lung:
Cardiopulmonary nerves (bronchodilation, beta receptors) and vasoconstriction
Hypoventilation
Decreased alveolar ventilation with increased PaCO2
Hyperventilation
Increased alveolar ventilation with decreased PaCO2
Hypercapnia
Increased carbon dioxide in blood
Hypopnea
Decreased ventilation in response to lowered metabolic CO2 production
Hyperpnea
Increased ventilation in response to increased metabolic CO2 production (exercise), which should purge CO2 levels
Eupnea
Normal breathing
Tachypnea
Increased frequency of breathing
Dyspnea
Shortness of breath/labored breathing
Apnea
Temporary cessation of breathing
