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Term 1 MD > CPR (Cardiopulmonary Renal) > Flashcards

CPR (Cardiopulmonary Renal) Flashcards

1
Q

Role of thrombomodulin

A

Anticoagulant signal that inhibits platelet attachment and aggregation to prevent blood coagulation and allow unobstructed flow of blood in normal conditions.

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2
Q

Role of prostacyclin

A

Antithrombogenic factor that prevent platelet aggregation and release of clotting factors

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3
Q

Role of von Willebrand factor

A

Prothrombogenic factor that promotes clot formation

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4
Q

Which type of cells produce ACE?

A

Pulmonary endothelial cells

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5
Q

What factor promotes the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II?

A

ACE (Angiotensin converting enzyme)

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6
Q

Contains endothelial cells held together by tight junctions and contain gap junctions

A

Tunica Intima

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7
Q

Locations of continuous/somatic capillaries

A

1) Connective tissue
2) Muscle tissue
3) Nerve tissue
4) Exocrine glands
5) Cerebral cortex

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8
Q

Locations of fenestrated/Visceral Capillaries

A

1) Peptide-secreting endocrine organs
2) Ciliary processes (eye)
3) Choroid plexus (ventricles)
4) Kidney-glomeruli
5) Lamina propria of GIT

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9
Q

Locations of Discontinuous/ Sinusoidal capillaries

A

1) Liver
2) Spleen
3) Bone marrow

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10
Q

Significance of HEV (High Endothelial Vessels)

A

Vessels are ports of entry for lymphocytes into lymphatic organ. They play an important role in “homing effect” in lymphoid organs like lymph node.

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11
Q

Blood pressures that indicate Hypertension:

A

High blood pressure of greater than 130 mmHg (systolic) or greater than 80mmHg (diastolic)

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12
Q

“Hardening of arterial walls” due to loss of elasticity of Tunica media or thickening of the arterial walls.

A

Arteriosclerosis

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13
Q

Plaque Formation and atheroma development

A

Atherosclerosis

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14
Q

Superior boundary of the mediastinum

A

Superior thoracic aperture

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15
Q

Inferior boundary of the mediastinum

A

Diaphragm

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16
Q

Anterior boundary of the mediastinum

A

Sternum

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17
Q

Posterior boundary of the mediastinum

A

Thoracic vertebrae

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18
Q

Location of the Plane of Ludwig

A

An imaginary horizontal plane across the thorax at the level of T4/T5 posteriorly and the 2nd rib anteriorly
-Other names include: Transverse Thoracic or Transthoracic Plane

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19
Q

Which type of tissue forms the central core of heart valves?

A

Avascular dense connective tissue

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20
Q

The pacemaker of the heart

A

Sinoatrial node

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21
Q

What is the biological function of arteriovenous shunts in the skin?

A

Temperature-dependent regulation of blood flow.

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22
Q

What are the 4 esophageal constrictions?

A

1) Arch of the aorta
2) Left principle bronchus
3) The diaphragm at the esophageal hiatus (T10)

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23
Q

Cardiac Tamponade

A

Impaired cardiac output due to an accumulation of fluid, pus, gas, blood or tissue in the pericardial space

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24
Q

Pulses Paradoxus

A

Exaggerated fall in systolic blood pressure (10mmHg) during inspiration

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25
Q

What is the treatment for cardiac tamponade?

A

Pericardiocentesis

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26
Q

Beck’s Triad

A
  1. Increased pressure outside the heart decreases end-diastolic ventricular filling
  2. Increased pressure reduces end-systolic atrial filling capacity
  3. Increased fluid: reduced heart sounds
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27
Q

S1 heart sound

A

Closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves

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28
Q

S2 heart sound

A

Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves

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29
Q

Auscultation site for the Aortic valve

A

Right sternal border at 2nd intercostal space

30
Q

Auscultation site for the Pulmonary valve

A

Left costal border at 2nd intercostal space

31
Q

Auscultation site for the tricuspid valve

A

Left sternal border at 5th intercostal space

32
Q

Auscultation site for the mitral valve

A

5th left intercostal space in midclavicular line

33
Q

Intercostal pain

A

Sharp pain in the thorax unilaterally worsens with chest wall movements including breathing

34
Q

The tunica intima contains:

A

1) Endothelium
2) Subendothelial layer
3) Internal elastic lamina

35
Q

The tunica media contains:

A

Smooth muscle and elastic fibers

36
Q

The tunica externa contains:

A

Collagen fibers, reticular (type III collagen), ground substance/extracellular matrix (proteoglycans and glycoproteins) all secreted by smooth muscle cells.

37
Q

S1 heart sound

A

Closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves

38
Q

S2 Heart sound

A

Closure of the aortic and pulmonic valves

39
Q

What causes referred pain from a myocardial infarction? Which nerve?

A

The intercostobrachial nerve connects the T2 spinal nerve with the medial cutaneous nerve of the arm/forearm

40
Q

Which mediastinum contains:
1) Esophagus
2) Esophageal plexus
3) Descending thoracic aorta
4) Thoracic duct
5) Sympathetic chain
(Anterior, Posterior, Middle)

A

Posterior

41
Q

Opening between right and left atria during fetal life

A

Foramen ovale

42
Q

Connective tissue partition separating structures

A

Septum/Septae

43
Q

Abnormal development of the interventricular septum, with resultant consequences

A

Ventricular Septal Defect

44
Q

Abnormal development of the interatrial septum, with resultant consequences

A

Atrial Septal Defect.

45
Q

A thin membrane/fold grows from the roof of atrium towards endocardial cushions at the AV canal

A

Septum Primum

46
Q

Space between inferior edge of septum primum and the endocardial cushions.

A

Foramen/ostium primum.

47
Q

Intracardiac shunting of blood from left to right after birth causing mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood in the right side of the heart

A

Acyanotic heart defect

48
Q

Caused by failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth

A

Patent Foramen Ovale

49
Q

The foramen ovale becomes:

A

The fossa ovalis

50
Q

The umbilical vein becomes:

A

The ligamentum teres

51
Q

The ductus venosus becomes

A

The ligamentum venosum

52
Q

The ductus arteriosum becomes:

A

The ligamentum arteriosum

53
Q

The umbilical artery becomes

A

The medial umbilical ligament

54
Q

Resting Tension in the heart

A

Force required to stretch a resting muscle to different lengths

55
Q

Active Tension in the heart

A

When a muscle is stimulated to contract whilst its length is held constant, it develops an additional force called active tension

56
Q

The peak isometric tension in the heart

A

The total tension developed (active and passive). This depends on the initial myocardial muscle length.

57
Q

Norepinephrine increases the [ ] of the cardiac muscle

A

Contractility

58
Q

Contractility

A

How efficiently the myocardium contracts from a given myocardial muscle length.

59
Q

When afterload is large, does shortening of the cardiac muscle occur?

A

NO

60
Q

The [ smaller or larger ] the afterload the faster the shortening velocity

A

Smaller

61
Q

Changes in myocardial muscle fiber length is:

A

The Preload

62
Q

The forces the muscle must overcome to open the valves and to eject a given volume of blood

A

Afterload

63
Q

The contractile ability of the heart

A

Inotropic state

64
Q

Starling’s Law of the heart states that:

A

As EDV increases, the stroke volume increases

65
Q

Cardiac defects associated with 22q11 deletions (DiGeorge’s)

A

Truncus arteriosus and Tetralogy of Fallot

66
Q

Cardiac defects associated with down syndrome

A

VSD, ASD, AV septal defect (endocardial cushion defect)

67
Q

Cardiac defects associated with Turner syndrome

A

Coarctation of the aorta

68
Q

Cardiac defects associated with offspring of diabetic mother

A

Transposition of the great vessels

69
Q

Cardiac defects associated with congenital rubella

A

Septal defects, PDA, pulmonary artery stenosis

70
Q

Cardiac defects associated with Marfan Syndrome

A

Aortic insufficiency (late complication)

71
Q

The Myogenic Response

A

Responsible for autoregulation of blood flow. Stretch of blood vessel wall by increasing pressure causes contraction of the smooth muscle of resistance arterioles. A decrease in radius increases Resistance to keep the blood flow constant.

Term 1 MD (54 decks)

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