MSK Exam Diseases

Question 1

Rickets

Answer 1

Lack of calcium, either from low intake or inadequate absorption by the small intestine due to a lack of vitamin D. Occurs in children.

Question 2

Osteomalacia

Answer 2

Lack of calcium, either from low intake or inadequate absorption by the small intestine due to a lack of vitamin D. Occurs in adults.

Question 3

Acromegaly (GH-mediated)

Answer 3

Excess of Human Growth Hormone which stimulates epiphyseal cartilage growth, producing tall stature.

Question 4

Dwarfism (GH-mediated)

Answer 4

Lack of Human Growth Hormone which normally stimulates epiphyseal cartilage growth. Short stature is produced

Question 5

Osteoporosis-Primary Type I

Answer 5

Decreased estrogen in post-menopausal women reduces the inhibition of osteoclasts, leading to progressive loss of bone density.

Question 6

Osteoporosis-Primary Type 2

Answer 6

Decreased bone density due solely to aging.

Question 7

Osteoporosis-Secondary

Answer 7

Decreased bone density as a consequence of drug therapy (corticosteroids) or another disease process (malnutrition, weightlessness, metastatic cancer, etc.)

Question 8

Osteoporosis-Secondary

Answer 8

Decreased bone density as a consequences of drug therapy (corticosteroids) or another disease process (malnutrition, weightlessness, metastatic cancer, etc.).

Question 9

Ectopic Pregnancy

Answer 9

Blastocyst implanting at a site other than the superior part of the uterine body. Most common ectopic site is oviduct.

Question 10

Spina Bifida Occulta

Answer 10

Unfused vertebral arch in the newborn.

Question 11

Spina Bifida Cystica w/Meningocele

Answer 11

Unfused vertebral arch with meninges protruding out.

Question 12

Spina Bifida Cystica w/ Meningomyelocele

Answer 12

Unfused vertebral arch with meninges, spinal cord, and nerves protruding out.

Question 13

Spina Bifida Cystica w/ Myeloschesis

Answer 13

Skin and bony defect with the spinal cord open to the environment

Question 14

Meroencephaly

Answer 14

Failure of the rostral neuropore to close, leading to an absence of large part of the brain and the skull.

Question 15

Herpes Zoster

Answer 15

Varicella zoster virus dormant in one or two dorsal rami reactivates due to stress or other factors, causing rash.

Question 16

Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy

Answer 16

X-linked recessive inheritance pattern. Mutation of the dystrophin gene.

Question 17

Myocardial Ischemia

Answer 17

Reduced amount of blood flow to heart via the coronary artery, due atheromatous plaque buildup, causing damage.

Question 18

Myasthenia Gravis

Answer 18

Autoimmune disease where antibodies are produced against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors at the neuromuscular junction, causing endocytosis and destruction of them.

Question 19

Lambert-Eaton Syndrome

Answer 19

Autoimmune disease where antibodies are produced against presynaptic calcium channels, thus reducing Ach release.

Question 20

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Answer 20

Demyelinating disease of the PNS. Nerve fibers accumulate lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells. Occurs rarely as following a neurovirus infection.

Question 21

Multiple Sclerosis

Answer 21

Demyelinating disease of the CNS. Myelin detaches from the axon and is destroyed. Oligodendrocytes are damaged. 3 histo stage-(1) myelin breakdown due to lymphocyte and macrophage infiltration, (2) proliferation of astrocytes, (3) reduced cellularity/astrocytes reduce in size.

Question 22

Botulism

Answer 22

Caused by ingestion of botulinum toxin, produced by clostridium botulinum. The toxin cleaves SNARE proteins (snaptobrevin, etc.) needed for presynaptic vesicle fusion.

Question 23

Curare

Answer 23

Plant-derived poison that is often used as a poison on arrows and blow darts. It competitively inhibits ACh at the neuromuscular junction.

Question 24

Tetanus (Lock Jaw)

Answer 24

Clostridium tetani infection of a wound. CT releases tetanus toxin which causes high-frequency discharge of alpha motor neurons, leading to sustained muscle contract.

Question 25

Tetany

Answer 25

Clinical seizures, primarily associated with hypocalcemia. Lowered depolarization threshold and raised RMP results in uncontrolled action potentials and, thus, muscle spasms

Question 26

Gastroschesis

Answer 26

Failure of the abdominal wall to close during embryonic development. Abdominal organs protrude through the abdominal wall and into the environment.

Question 27

Direct Inguinal Hernia

Answer 27

Herniation of organs through Hesselbach’s triangle and the superficial ring.

Question 28

Indirect Inguinal Hernia

Answer 28

Herniation of organs through Hesselbach’s triangle and the superficial ring. High chance of strangulation.

Question 29

Sliding Hiatus-Diaphragmatic Hernia

Answer 29

When the esophagus and small part of stomach moves back and forth through diaphragmatic hiatus.

Question 30

Paraesophageal Hiatus-Diaphragmatic Hernia

Answer 30

Esophagus and cardia of the stomach herniates through the hiatus, preventing closing of the esophageal sphincter.

Question 31

Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

Answer 31

Hernia develops due to a defect in the development of the diaphragm, leading to stomach and small intestines to protrude through the diaphragmatic hiatus.

Question 32

Polythelia

Answer 32

Extra nipples. More common in males.

Question 33

Polymastia

Answer 33

Ectopic, fully-functional mammary glands.

Question 34

Gynecomastia

Answer 34

Development of mammary gland tissue in males.

Question 35

Pleurisy/Pleuritis

Answer 35

Inflammation of the pleura. The inflamed pleural layers rub against each other every time the lungs expand to inhale air. Pleural rub (scratching) sounds are heard. Opaque on X-ray.

Question 36

Femoral Hernia

Answer 36

Hernia through the femoral ring, inferior to the inguinal ligament.

Question 37

Achondroplasia

Answer 37

Premature fusion of the epiphyses, caused by an autosomal dominant FGFR3 mutation.

Question 38

Syndactyly

Answer 38

Congenitally fused digits caused by failure of a notch to develop between one or many of the digital rays.

Question 39

Polydactyly

Answer 39

Supernumerary digits caused by failure of a notch to develop between one of many of the digital rays.

Question 40

Club Foot (Congenital Talipes)

Answer 40

Congenital. Foot is turned medially and inverted.

Question 41

Amelia

Answer 41

Congenital. Complete absence of limbs, due to suppression of limb bud development in the 4th week (AER issue-FGFs)

Question 42

Meromelia

Answer 42

Partial absence of limbs, due to disturbance of limb development during the 5th week.

Question 43

Ectrodactyly (Cleft Hand and Cleft Foot)

Answer 43

Absence of one of more central digits from birth, due to a failure to develop one or more digital rays. Remaining digits are usually partially or completely fused. Very rare.

Question 44

Amniotic Band Syndrome

Answer 44

Tear in the amnion, resulting in an amniotic band that encircles and snares fetal limbs and/or digits.

Question 45

VACTERL Syndrome

Answer 45

Caused by interaction of genetic and environmental factors. Stands for Vertebral defects, Anal atresia, Cardiac defects, Tracheo-esophageal fistula, Renal Anomalies, and limb Abnormalities. Association with use of estrogen BC.