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Term 1 MD > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Epiblast

A

The thicker layer, consisting of high columnar cells. Eventually forms the three definitive germ layers

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2
Q

Hypoblast

A

Consisting of small cuboidal cells. Becomes part of the yolk sac.

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3
Q

Capacitation

A

Removal of seminal proteins from the surface
-Penetration through corona radiata

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4
Q

Acrosome reaction

A

-Release of acrosomal enzymes (acrosin, etc.)
-Penetration of sperm through zona pellucida

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5
Q

Fusion of the plasma membranes of sperm and oocyte

A

Changes in zona pellucida inactivates sperm receptors and prevents polyspermy.

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6
Q

Inner cytotrophoblast

A

Makes cells mitotically active
-Forms new cytotrophoblast and synctiotrophoblast

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7
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast

A

Secretes and Invades:
-Secrete human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG)-early pregnancy tests

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8
Q

Epiblast

A

The thicker layer, consisting of high columnar cells.

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9
Q

Hypoblast

A

Consisting of small cuboidal cells. Becomes part of the yolk sac.

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10
Q

Limb buds appear at week:

A

week 4

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11
Q

Hand & foot plates formed at week:

A

week 5

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12
Q

Digital rays appear
-Tissue between digital rays undergoes apoptosis
-Form notches at week:

A

Week 6

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13
Q

Upper limbs bend at elbow
-Fingers are short and webbed at week:

A

Week 7

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14
Q

Digits are distinct and separated at week:

A

Week 8

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15
Q

Limb extend ventrally
Hand plates & foot plates face each other at day:

A

48 days

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16
Q

Upper limbs bent at elbows
Hands curved over thorax at day:

A

51 days

17
Q

Soles of feet face medially at day:

A

54 days

18
Q

Elbows point caudally
Knees point cranially at day:

A

56 days

19
Q

When does osteogenesis of the long bones begin?

A

7th week of embryological development (primary ossification centers)

20
Q

What is the epiphyseal plate?

A

The growth plate between diaphysis and epiphysis
-Adds length to the bone
-Persist until growth period is over

21
Q

Epiphysis is formed by:

A

Secondary centers of ossification

22
Q

The diaphysis is formed by:

A

The primary center of ossification (appear by 7th-8th week)

23
Q

Dermatomes are derived from which embryological structure?

A

Neural crest cells: which are also precursors of Schwann cells
-They also form the neurolemma and myelin sheaths

24
Q

Cutaneous syndactyly

A

The most common limb defect in which there is webbing of the digits (failure of webs to degenerate between 2 or more digits)

25
Q

Osseous syndactyly

A

Fusion of the bones-failure of development of notches between the digital rays (bones are fused together)

26
Q

Polydactyly

A

Supernumerary digits
Disruption of the anteroposterior pattern
Inherited as a dominant trait

27
Q

Congenital Talipes (Club Foot)

A

Talipes equinovarus (most common type)
Sole of the foot is turned medially and the foot is inverted
-Multifactorial pattern of inheritance

28
Q

Amelia

A

-Complete absence of limbs
-Suppression of limb bud development in the 4th week

29
Q

Meromelia

A

-Partial absence of limbs
-Disturbance of limb development during 5th week
*Defects are caused by: Genetic factors, mutant genes, environmental factors, vascular disruption and ischemia

30
Q

Cleft hand and cleft foot (ectrodactyly)

A

-Absence of one or more central digits (Failure of development of one or more digital rays)
-Remaining digits are partially or completely fused leading to lobster-claw like deformities

31
Q

Amniotic Band Syndrome

A

-Tears in the amnion result in amniotic bands
-May encircle fetal limbs & digits
-Ring Constrictions
-Amputations
-Cause unknown

32
Q

VACTERL

A

Vertebral defects
Anal atresia
Cardiac defects
Tracheo-esophageal fistula
Renal anomalies
Limb abnormalities

33
Q

Gene that initiates the process of limb development

A

The Homeobox (HOX)

34
Q

Activation of the mesenchyme induces formation of an :

A

apical ectodermal ridge (AER)

35
Q

Diaphysis

A

Formed by primary ossification center (primary bone, long bone)

36
Q

Epiphysis

A

Formed by secondary ossification center (top of the bone)

37
Q

Epiphyseal plate

A

Growth plate between diaphysis and epiphysis, adds length to the bone, persist until growth period is over

Term 1 MD (54 decks)

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