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Term 1 MD > CNS-Brain > Flashcards

CNS-Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Folds in the brain

A

Gyri

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2
Q

Grooves in the brain

A

Sulci

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3
Q

Deep groove in the brain

A

Called longitudinal fissure

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4
Q

Generalized functions of the lobes

A

Sensory, motor, visual, auditory, language and higher cognitive functions, memory

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5
Q

Thalamus

A

Relaying and modulating sensory input to cerebrum
-Modulating cerebral activity to regulate motor function

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6
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis; growth and reproduction

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7
Q

Brainstem

A

Midbrain, Pons and Medulla Oblongata
-Vegetative functions such as cardio regulation, swallowing, yawning, etc.

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8
Q

Cerebellum

A

Posture, balance, and smooth coordinated movements

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9
Q

The Cortex Cranial Nerves

A

CN I - CN II

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10
Q

Midbrain Cranial Nerves

A

CN III - CN IV

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11
Q

Pons Cranial Nerves

A

CN V - CN VIII

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12
Q

Medulla Cranial Nerves

A

CN IX - XII

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13
Q

Inner gray matter (nuclei)

A

Cell bodies of neurons and glial cells

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14
Q

Outer white matter (tracts)

A

Myelinated axons, neural “highways”

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15
Q

Is the dorsal horn part of the sensory or motor tract?

A

Sensory

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16
Q

Is the ventral horn part of the sensory or motor tract?

A

Motor

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17
Q

Visceral afferent fibers

A

Nerve fibers coming from organs to the spinal cord cell body

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18
Q

Adrenergic, noradrenergic

A

A nerve ending that releases norepinephrine as the primary transmitter; also, a synapse in which norepinephrine is the primary transmitter

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19
Q

Adrenoceptor, adrenergic receptor

A

A receptor that binds, and is activated by, one of the catecholamine transmitters or hormones (norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine) and related drugs

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20
Q

Baroreceptor reflex

A

The homeostatic mechanism that maintains a constant mean arterial blood pressure; the sensory limb originates in the baroreceptors of the carotid sinus and aortic arch; efferent pathways run in parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves to the heart and blood vessels

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21
Q

Cholinergic

A

A nerve ending that releases acetylcholine; also, a synapse in which the primary transmitter is acetylcholine

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22
Q

Cholinoceptor, cholinergic receptor

A

A receptor that binds, and is activated by, acetylcholine and related drugs

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23
Q

Dopaminergic

A

A nerve ending that releases dopamine as the primary transmitter; also a synapse in which dopamine is the primary transmitter

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24
Q

Homeostatic reflex

A

A compensatory mechanism for maintaining a body function at a predetermined level, for example, the baroreceptor reflex for blood pressure control

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25
Q

Non-adrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) system

A

Nerve fibers associated with autonomic nerves that release any transmitter other than norepinephrine or acetylcholine

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26
Q

Parasympathetic

A

The part of the autonomic nervous system that originates in the cranial nerves (and traditionally, the sacral part of the spinal cord); the craniosacral autonomic system

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27
Q

Postsynaptic receptor

A

A receptor located on the distal side of a synapse, for example, on a postganglionic neuron or an autonomic effector cell

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28
Q

Presynaptic receptor

A

A receptor located on the nerve ending from which the transmitter is released into the synapse; modulates the release of transmitter

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29
Q

Sympathetic

A

The part of the autonomic nervous system that originates in the thoracic and lumbar parts of the spinal cord; the thoracolumbar autonomic system

30
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

-Most common tumor of the adrenal medulla in adults
-Derived from chromaffin cells
-Secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine
-Symptoms: occurs in “spells”-relapse and remit
-Elevated blood pressure
-Headache
-Excessive sweating
-Palpitations (tachycardia)
-Pallor
Lab: elevated catecholamines and their metabolites metanephrine
Treatment: Surgery
Pre-Op: Phenoxybenzamine + Beta-Blocker

31
Q

Multipolar

A

Have several dendrites and one axon

32
Q

Pseudounipolar (unipolar)

A

One continuous process (axon) that emerges from the cell and divides into two processes

33
Q

Bipolar

A

Have one main dendrite and one axon

34
Q

Motor-Efferent

A

-Conveys impulses to effector cells
-Somatic: skeletal muscles
-Visceral: smooth cardiac muscles, glands found in organs
-Typically multipolar

35
Q

Sensory-Afferent

A

Conveys impulses from receptors for integration
-Somatic: pain, temp, touch, pressure. proprioception
-Visceral: distention, ischemia, inflammation, physiological processes from internal organs, glands, blood vessels
-Typically pseudounipolar or biopolar

36
Q

Interneurons (integrative)

A

-Communication and integration between sensory and motor neurons, tendon reflexes

37
Q

Neuroglial cells

A

Make up about half the volume of CNS

38
Q

CNS cells

A

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal cells

39
Q

PNS cells

A

Schwann cells
Satellite cells

40
Q

Somatic afferent nerves run:

A

From skin, fascia of the body wall specifically the back and to the rest of the body

41
Q

Somatic efferent nerves run:

A

To skeletal muscle of the deep muscles of the back, and to the rest of the muscles of the body

42
Q

Visceral afferent nerves run from:

A

Organs

43
Q

Visceral efferent (ANS) run:

A

To smooth and cardiac muscle, glands

44
Q

Acetylcholine

A

-Neuromuscular junction SNS
-ANS-pre and postsynaptic neurons
-Used by cholinergic neurons
-Degraded by acetylcholinesterase

45
Q

Catecolamines

A

-Precursor Tyrosine
-Epinephrine (Adrenaline)-used by adrenergic neurons
-Norepinephrine
-Used by catecolaminergic neruons in CNS & ENS
-Removed by COMT, MAO

46
Q

Serotonin

A

-Precursor-Tryptophan
-Used by serotonergic neurons

47
Q

Amino Acids

A

GABA
GLY (inhibitor)
GLU (excitatory)
ASP
*Neurotransmitters

48
Q

Nitric Oxide

A

Synthesized within synapse
*Neurotransmitters

49
Q

Small Peptides

A

Substance P, VIP, CCK, HRH produces by APUD cells

50
Q

The Visceral system innervates [ ] target tissues:

A

3 target tissues:
1) Smooth muscle (GI tract, blood vessels)
2) Cardiac muscle (including conduction tissue0
3) Glands (Salivary, lacrimal)

51
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

-Fight or flight
-Catabolic system
-Increased arterial pressure
-Increased heart rate, force of cardiac contraction and cardiac output
-Increased blood flow away from skin to skeletal muscle-cold, sweaty skin (constrict vessels to skin and gut/dilate vessels to heart, muscles, lungs)
-Increased ventilation-dilation on airways-deep & rapid breathing
-Pupillary dilation (greater field of vision)
-Sweat glands

52
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

-Rest and digest mode
-Homeostatic or anabolic system
-Decreased BP
-Decreased HR
-Constrictor of bronchial tree and decreased respiratory rates
-Stimulation of gut activities-allows for digestion and waste removal
-Warm skin
-Pupillary constrictor

53
Q

Axonal Transport

A

Bidirectional movement of material between the cell body and processes

54
Q

Anterograde

A

Kinesin motor protein: slow or fast (towards synapse, flow of synaptic vesicles, mitochondria)

55
Q

Retrograde

A

Dynein: motor protein involved-Fast (towards CB; recycled membrane vesicles, neuromodulators, etc.)

56
Q

Neuroglia or glia cells

A

Non-neuronal cells that support, insulate or nourish neurons (CNS and PNS)

57
Q

Peripheral neuroglia

A

Schwann cells and Satellite cells

58
Q

Central neuroglia

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells and microglia cells

59
Q

Protoplasmic astrocytes

A

Prevalent in the gray matter
-Branching cytoplasmic processes
-Maintain the blood-CSF barrier
-Contains GFAP (protein of the intermediate filament family) helps provide structural support/strength to cells

60
Q

Fibrous astrocytes

A

-Prevalent in white matter
-Has straight cytoplasmic processes, contains GFAP

61
Q

Microglia

A

-Smallest type
-Originate from hematopoietic (blood cell) line
-Functions in phagocytosis of bacteria, removal of debris & injured tissue
-Has abundant spikes/ruffled border of cytoplasmic processes

62
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelinate axons in the CNS
-Have tongue-like cytoplasmic processes
-Larger nodes of Ranvier (NR)-increases efficiency of nerve conduction
-One oligodendrocyte myelinates portions of several axons

63
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Epithelium lining of the CNS cavities
-Cuboid to columnar cell type
-Have characteristic of fluid transporting/absorbing cells (cilia, microvilli, basal infoldings)
-Found in choroid plexus, modified cells that interact with capillaries and help secrete cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

64
Q

Schwann cells

A

Myelinate neurons in PNS. Several Schwann cells myelinate portions of one axon. Provide support for both myelinated and unmyelinated axons in PNS.
-Clean up debris
-Scaffolding for regeneration of nerve tissue

65
Q

Satellite cells

A

-Small cuboidal cells
-Surround the cell body of neurons in PNS
-Regulate the perineuronal environment
-Electrical insulator, does not make myelin
-Regulate metabolic exchange

66
Q

Myelin

A

-Lipid rich layer deposited around the axons of neurons
-Formed by the mesoaxon of the Schwann cells
-Serves to insulate/support axons of nerves fibers from the environment surrounding the endoneurium
-Facilitates rapid conduction of nerve impulses

67
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Myelinate neurons in PNS. Several Schwann cells myelinate proportions of one axon. Provide support for both myelinated and unmyelinated axons in PNS
-Clean up debris
-Scaffolding for regeneration of nerve tissue

68
Q

Satellite cells

A

Small cuboidal cells
-Surround the cell body of neurons in PNS
-Regulated the perineuronal environment
-Electrical insulator, does not make myelin
-Regulate metabolic exchange

69
Q

Dura mater

A

Outer covering
-Dense connective tissue
-Vascular
-In the cranium forms the dural venous sinuses
-Innervated

70
Q

Arachnoid mater

A

Loose connective tissue
-Lined back to back by simple squamous epithelium
-Projects into the sinus to drain CSF into the blood stream
-Avascular

71
Q

Pia mater

A

-Vascular loose connective tissue
-Lies directly on brain and spinal cord
-Interact with ependymal cells to form choroid plexus

Term 1 MD (54 decks)

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